Multiple Sclerosis Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with multiple sclerosis?
Episodes of neurological dysfunction separated by time and space. Symptoms: visual disturbances, limb weakness, sensory changes. Fatigue, bladder dysfunction.
What are the key physical examination findings in multiple sclerosis?
Optic neuritis: pain and vision loss in one eye. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Hyperreflexia, positive Babinski sign. Gait instability.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing multiple sclerosis?
MRI showing demyelinating lesions in the CNS. Lumbar puncture: oligoclonal bands in CSF. Evoked potentials to assess electrical activity in the brain.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for multiple sclerosis?
Physical therapy for mobility and strength. Occupational therapy for daily living activities. Cognitive rehabilitation for cognitive deficits.
What are the pharmacological management options for multiple sclerosis?
Disease-modifying therapies: interferon-beta, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab. Corticosteroids for acute relapses. Symptomatic treatment: muscle relaxants, antispasmodics.
What are the red flags to look for in multiple sclerosis patients?
Rapid progression or severe disability. Severe relapses not responding to steroids. Significant cognitive decline or psychiatric symptoms.
When should a patient with multiple sclerosis be referred to a specialist?
Complex or atypical cases. Poor response to initial treatment. Need for advanced therapeutic interventions. Severe or refractory symptoms.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to multiple sclerosis?
Autoimmune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS. Leads to disrupted nerve signal transmission. Results in varied neurological symptoms and disability.
