Ischemic Stroke Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with ischemic stroke?
Sudden onset of focal neurological deficits: weakness, numbness, speech difficulties. History of hypertension, diabetes, smoking. Possible transient ischemic attack (TIA) history.
What are the key physical examination findings in ischemic stroke?
Hemiparesis or hemiplegia. Aphasia, dysarthria. Visual field deficits. Altered level of consciousness in severe cases.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing ischemic stroke?
CT scan to rule out hemorrhage. MRI to identify ischemic areas. Carotid ultrasound, echocardiogram, and blood tests to identify risk factors.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for ischemic stroke?
Lifestyle modifications: smoking cessation, healthy diet, regular exercise. Physical therapy for rehabilitation. Occupational therapy for daily living activities.
What are the pharmacological management options for ischemic stroke?
Thrombolytics (e.g., tPA) within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. Antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin). Anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. Statins for cholesterol management.
What are the red flags to look for in ischemic stroke patients?
Rapid progression of symptoms. Severe headache with vomiting. Sudden change in level of consciousness. Signs of hemorrhagic transformation.
When should a patient with ischemic stroke be referred to a specialist?
Referral to a neurologist for ongoing management. Consideration for endovascular therapy in eligible patients. Specialized rehabilitation services.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to ischemic stroke?
Occlusion of cerebral artery leading to reduced blood flow and ischemia. Results in cell death and loss of neurological function. Commonly caused by atherosclerosis or embolism.
