Parkinson's Disease Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with Parkinson’s disease?
Gradual onset of bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity. Postural instability. Non-motor symptoms: constipation, sleep disturbances, depression.
What are the key physical examination findings in Parkinson’s disease?
Resting tremor (pill-rolling tremor). Bradykinesia: slowness of movement. Rigidity: increased muscle tone. Shuffling gait with reduced arm swing.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease?
Clinical diagnosis based on history and physical exam. MRI to rule out other causes of parkinsonism. DaTSCAN in uncertain cases.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for Parkinson’s disease?
Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance. Occupational therapy for daily living activities. Speech therapy for voice and swallowing issues.
What are the pharmacological management options for Parkinson’s disease?
Levodopa-carbidopa as first-line treatment. Dopamine agonists (e.g., pramipexole, ropinirole). MAO-B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline, rasagiline).
What are the red flags to look for in Parkinson’s disease patients?
Rapid progression of symptoms. Severe dyskinesia or motor fluctuations. Psychosis or severe depression. Autonomic dysfunction: orthostatic hypotension.
When should a patient with Parkinson’s disease be referred to a specialist?
Refractory symptoms not responding to medication. Consideration for deep brain stimulation. Need for advanced therapeutic interventions.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to Parkinson’s disease?
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Leads to dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia. Results in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
