Meningitis

Question 1

What is the typical history associated with meningitis?

Answer 1

Acute onset of fever, headache, neck stiffness. Photophobia, nausea, vomiting. History of recent infection or exposure to infected individuals.

Question 2

What are the key physical examination findings in meningitis?

Answer 2

Positive Brudzinski’s and Kernig’s signs. Nuchal rigidity. Altered mental status in severe cases. Possible petechial rash in meningococcal meningitis.

Question 3

What investigations are necessary for diagnosing meningitis?

Answer 3

Lumbar puncture: elevated WBC, low glucose, high protein in CSF. Blood cultures. MRI/CT if increased intracranial pressure or focal neurological signs.

Question 4

What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for meningitis?

Answer 4

Isolate patient to prevent spread of infection. Supportive care: hydration, antipyretics. Monitor and manage complications (e.g., increased intracranial pressure).

Question 5

What are the pharmacological management options for meningitis?

Answer 5

Empiric antibiotics until pathogen identified (e.g., ceftriaxone, vancomycin). Antiviral treatment if viral etiology suspected (e.g., acyclovir). Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in bacterial meningitis.

Question 6

What are the red flags to look for in meningitis patients?

Answer 6

Rapidly progressive symptoms. Signs of sepsis: hypotension, tachycardia. Neurological deficits: seizures, altered consciousness.

Question 7

When should a patient with meningitis be referred to a specialist?

Answer 7

Severe or complicated cases. Need for intensive care management. Suspected complications: hydrocephalus, abscess. Uncertain diagnosis requiring further evaluation.

Question 8

What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to meningitis?

Answer 8

Infection of the meninges by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Leads to inflammation, increased intracranial pressure. Can cause severe neurological damage if untreated.