transgenetics Flashcards
what is a transgenic
GMO
-an organism with new genetic material has been experimentally introduced into the germ cell
for transgenetic organisms DNA must be…
-intergraded
-transcribed
-translated
-expressed in correct tissue
-inherited by offspring
what is the publics perception with GMOs
varies country to country but overall a handful are sure its no different another handful isnt sure and another is against
transgenic bacteria
-human insulin produced by bacteria and harvested to make humulin
-eukaryote gene in genome
eukaryote genes in prokaryote problems
-removes introns
-add signal sequence to secrete
-protein recovery
-protein active; -various codon alternative for aa, post translational madifications
DNA construct
-1 gene
-2 promoter : signals the attachment of RNA polymerase -when, where, how much
-3 also can add: -reporter gene, signal sequence
transgenic plants
-first generation and second: flavr savr tomatoes, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, round up ready
-second/third generation: improving nutrition, reducing diseases
transgenic animal methods
-viral transfer (cell culture–>nuclear transfer)
-somatic cell nuclear transfer (cell culture–> nuclear transfer
micro injection
DNA microinjection into pronucleus of egg
first transgenic livestock species
-pigs
-human growth hormone
-microinjection method
-no pigs lived to repo age
-major leg deformities and heart abnormalities
transgenic mice
-initially made by microinjection
-1980s successfullu reproduced and offspring carried transgene
-offspring inherited transgene
aqua bounty salmon
-growth hormone (chinook salmon)
-atlantic salmon
-(put chinook into atlantic)
-reaches market size in half the time
-approved health canada and FDA
enviropig
-genetically enhanced yorkshire
-phytase gene into pigs
-secreted in saliva
-transmitted to offspring
-65% less P in the manure
-not allowed in food chain
-phytase already in pig feed but just wanted to add to pig
xenotransplantaion
-pigs used
-knock out of alpha gal gene to prevent rejection of the organ
-knock out of MHC gene to prevent rejection
-addition of human genes
spider silk in goats
-canadian initative
-biosteel
-fewer regulations than food or drugs
-biosilk (adidas)
-gene into embryo–>sorgote–>female milks soluble protein which can be extracted
udder engineering
-DNA construct contains a promoter that causes expression only during lactaion
-ie. B-lactoglobulin
-factor XI in sheep (hemophilia B)
-a-1 antitrypsin in sheep
-lactoferrin (diets for AIDS & stroke patients)
-seemed promising but most companies have closed in bankruptcy
transgenic dairy cows
-resistance to mastitis
-transgene = lysostaphin antibacterial protein that attacks the cell wall of staph aureus
-sectreted in mammary gland
-challenged transgenic cows with staph. aureus- none were affected
gene therapy method one
-take biopsy form “patient”
-alter cells by adding correct gene
-put back into pacient
gene therapy method two
-deliver viral vector with corrected gene to target tissue
-eg. congenital blindness in briard
-caused by premature stop in RPE65 gene
-vit A metabolism & photoreceptor response to light
-designated viral vector + promoter + normal gene
-injected into subretinal space
-restored vision
impossible burger
-heme
-found in animal blood (low levels in plants)
-transgenic heme from soybean produced in GM yeast
-added to plant based meat (impossible meat)
single biggest problem with transgenetics/GM
public acceptability
europe opposed
what does CRISPR cas9 stand for
-cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
-which is a sequence discovered in the bacterial system to detect and defend against viruses
-Cas
-small clusters of cag genes lacated next to CRISPR sequence
-cleaves DNA
how was CRISPR cas9 used for us
-instead of cutting viral DNA sequence, crispr was adapted to cut any sequence
-e.g. target region on BTA 1 to make polled animals of fix the mutation causing the disease
