transgenetics

Question 1

what is a transgenic

Answer 1

GMO
-an organism with new genetic material has been experimentally introduced into the germ cell

Question 2

for transgenetic organisms DNA must be…

Answer 2

-intergraded
-transcribed
-translated
-expressed in correct tissue
-inherited by offspring

Question 3

what is the publics perception with GMOs

Answer 3

varies country to country but overall a handful are sure its no different another handful isnt sure and another is against

Question 4

transgenic bacteria

Answer 4

-human insulin produced by bacteria and harvested to make humulin
-eukaryote gene in genome

Question 5

eukaryote genes in prokaryote problems

Answer 5

-removes introns
-add signal sequence to secrete
-protein recovery
-protein active; -various codon alternative for aa, post translational madifications

Question 6

DNA construct

Answer 6

-1 gene
-2 promoter : signals the attachment of RNA polymerase -when, where, how much
-3 also can add: -reporter gene, signal sequence

Question 7

transgenic plants

Answer 7

-first generation and second: flavr savr tomatoes, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, round up ready
-second/third generation: improving nutrition, reducing diseases

Question 8

transgenic animal methods

Answer 8

-viral transfer (cell culture–>nuclear transfer)
-somatic cell nuclear transfer (cell culture–> nuclear transfer

Question 9

micro injection

Answer 9

DNA microinjection into pronucleus of egg

Question 10

first transgenic livestock species

Answer 10

-pigs
-human growth hormone
-microinjection method
-no pigs lived to repo age
-major leg deformities and heart abnormalities

Question 11

transgenic mice

Answer 11

-initially made by microinjection
-1980s successfullu reproduced and offspring carried transgene
-offspring inherited transgene

Question 12

aqua bounty salmon

Answer 12

-growth hormone (chinook salmon)
-atlantic salmon
-(put chinook into atlantic)
-reaches market size in half the time
-approved health canada and FDA

Question 13

enviropig

Answer 13

-genetically enhanced yorkshire
-phytase gene into pigs
-secreted in saliva
-transmitted to offspring
-65% less P in the manure
-not allowed in food chain
-phytase already in pig feed but just wanted to add to pig

Question 14

xenotransplantaion

Answer 14

-pigs used
-knock out of alpha gal gene to prevent rejection of the organ
-knock out of MHC gene to prevent rejection
-addition of human genes

Question 15

spider silk in goats

Answer 15

-canadian initative
-biosteel
-fewer regulations than food or drugs
-biosilk (adidas)
-gene into embryo–>sorgote–>female milks soluble protein which can be extracted

Question 16

udder engineering

Answer 16

-DNA construct contains a promoter that causes expression only during lactaion
-ie. B-lactoglobulin
-factor XI in sheep (hemophilia B)
-a-1 antitrypsin in sheep
-lactoferrin (diets for AIDS & stroke patients)
-seemed promising but most companies have closed in bankruptcy

Question 17

transgenic dairy cows

Answer 17

-resistance to mastitis
-transgene = lysostaphin antibacterial protein that attacks the cell wall of staph aureus
-sectreted in mammary gland
-challenged transgenic cows with staph. aureus- none were affected

Question 18

gene therapy method one

Answer 18

-take biopsy form “patient”
-alter cells by adding correct gene
-put back into pacient

Question 19

gene therapy method two

Answer 19

-deliver viral vector with corrected gene to target tissue

-eg. congenital blindness in briard
-caused by premature stop in RPE65 gene
-vit A metabolism & photoreceptor response to light
-designated viral vector + promoter + normal gene
-injected into subretinal space
-restored vision

Question 20

impossible burger

Answer 20

-heme
-found in animal blood (low levels in plants)
-transgenic heme from soybean produced in GM yeast
-added to plant based meat (impossible meat)

Question 21

single biggest problem with transgenetics/GM

Answer 21

public acceptability
europe opposed

Question 22

what does CRISPR cas9 stand for

Answer 22

-cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
-which is a sequence discovered in the bacterial system to detect and defend against viruses
-Cas
-small clusters of cag genes lacated next to CRISPR sequence
-cleaves DNA

Question 23

how was CRISPR cas9 used for us

Answer 23

-instead of cutting viral DNA sequence, crispr was adapted to cut any sequence
-e.g. target region on BTA 1 to make polled animals of fix the mutation causing the disease