Parentage and forensics

Question 1

uses for population genetics

Answer 1

differences in gene frequencies are also used in domestic animals for precent verification

Question 2

DNA variations

Answer 2

-variants= difference in genome
-variants can be used as markers
-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular
-chromosomal deletion or duplications (microscopic)

Question 3

percentage verification

Answer 3

-not “proof for percentage”
-genetic tests used to substantiate the accuracy of the breeders word as to a percentage of an aminal

Question 4

percentage verification examples

Answer 4

-microsatellite marker alleles at marker 5
-reported: sire 136/142, dam 136/138
-if calf 136/142 “varified”= reported parentage possible
-if calF 136/136 “varified”=reported parentage possible
-if 136 allele occurs in 40% of bulls not much proof

Question 5

how does parentage verification accuracy improve

Answer 5

-with numbers of markers tested
-with number of multiple allele markers
-with rarity of genotype

Question 6

parentage verification characteristics of genetic markers

Answer 6

-heritable
-present throughout lifetime
-simple lab method (=cheap)
-polymorphic (> allele, but the more the better)

Question 7

DNA markers in non-coding sequences

Answer 7

-variants in non-coding DNA sequence
-advantageous because: introns and non-coding DNA more polymorphic then exons

Question 8

DNA sources

Answer 8

semen, embryos, blood, milk, hair roots etc

Question 9

what are some assumptions made for percentage verification

Answer 9

-assume that dam is the dam
-look for alleles in offspring not present in dam to determine sire
-dogs, cats, goats, sheep etc can have more then one sire per litter

Question 10

how many markers are used for dogs genetic test

Answer 10

10 is typical

Question 11

what do you need to do for parentage test for twins

Answer 11

-indicate animals as twins
-because of chimerism
-rare third of even forth allele needs to be recorded

Question 12

DNA tests for other reasons

Answer 12

-breed identity
-breed composition
-forensic work

Question 13

dog breed bylaws

Answer 13

-some local governments state that certain breeds of dogs, or crosses including such breeds cant be owned
-some accept statement of breed composition form a vet
-some require DNA test

Question 14

forensic use of DNA testing

Answer 14

-use of DNA to investigate crime
-rustling
-poaching (compare blood at kill site to meat in possession)

Question 15

species identification of meat

Answer 15

-restaurants serving crab or “crab simulated fish product”
-butchers selling goat meat as “lamb”
-selling kangaroo as “beef”
-once cooked-DNA difficult to use in PCR
-DNA from aged meat will be degrades, sheared

Question 16

cult case

Answer 16

-cult use of blood
-identify the source of blood used in rituals by cult members
-slaughter of livestock or pets
-RCMP find a ritualistic site of an alter
-find dried blood on the alter
-want to rule out that the blood isnt human
-no actual crime using animal blood from a species that is typically eater

Question 17

things that a parabon snapshot DNA phenotyping service can see

Answer 17

-ancestry
-natural hair colour
-skin colour
-eye colour
-freckles or not

Question 18

how to extract ancient DNA

Answer 18

-tooth is a good source of DNA form long dead specimens
-tooth pulp is protected by enamel
-drill out core of tooth and extract DNA
-mitochondrial DNA is often used for forensics because hundreds of copies per cell
-only small stretches of DNA survive over time

Question 19

cell DNA vs mitochondria DNA

Answer 19

-only two copies of DNA in the nucleus
-mitochondria is hardy, and has many copies