breeding pyramids

Question 1

what does a pyramid relate too

Answer 1

the entire industry for a species

Question 2

what are the parts and roles in the pyramid

Answer 2

-nucleus
(breed selected replacements)
-multiplier
(males & females bred for sale)
-commercial
(male & females raised for production)

Question 3

what is the only thing in the nucleus

Answer 3

genetic progress

Question 4

closed nucleus breeding scheme

Answer 4

-gene flow downward only
-no gene flow in to nucleus

Question 5

why is there now gene flow into the nucleus for a closed nucleus breeding scheme

Answer 5

poultry: to protect franchise rights on crosses
-swine: to maintain disease status

Question 5

what is improvement leg shortened by

Answer 5

-keeping stock in lower tiers fewer years i.e. replace often
-transfer both males and females downwards

Question 5

improvement leg

Answer 5

-difference in preformance between any two adjacent tiers (expressed in numbers of years)

Question 5

what is improvement leg size affected by

Answer 5

-age structure in lower tiers
-source and quality of sires and dams in lower tiers

Question 6

open nucleus breeding scheme

Answer 6

-best or superior animals from lower tier can join herd in upper tier
-therefore nucleus is not necessarily purebred
-inbreeding in nucleus is reduced ~50%
-responce to selection increases 10-15%
-problem: cannot use if nucleus herd is maintained as “disease free’

Question 6

herd book

Answer 6

-reg documentation for breed
-breed associations
-in cattle:
-“closed” angus, hereford, milking
-“open” continental or exotic: charolais, simmental, limo, salers, maine-anjou

Question 7

fullblood

Answer 7

all ancestors are same breed

Question 8

burebred

Answer 8

born to reg parents (7/8 or 15/16 of that breed)

Question 9

“percentage” animals

Answer 9

-graded up to some extent
-ie 3/4

Question 10

straight bred

Answer 10

purebred but not registered

Question 11

animal pedigree act (canada)

Answer 11

-canada fed law pertaining to purebred animals
-gives much authority to breed associations
-canadian breed associations send proof of purebred/pedigree within 6 months

Question 12

canadian livestock records corp

Answer 12

-“smaller” beef breeds (galloway, belg blue and others)
-“most” horses except thoroughbreds
-swine, sheep, goat, bison, donkey, mules

Question 13

registration of animals

Answer 13

most domestic animals have pedigree based registries

Question 14

requirements for registration

Answer 14

-intagrity
-identification:
-tattoos
-markings
-drawing or photo

-accurate records:
-name, number, sex, DOB, sire, dam
-participation of association

Question 15

cattle tattoo guidelines

Answer 15

-herd letters + year letters + individuals number
-owners I.D, (usually 3 letters)
-animal number
birth letter year

Question 16

tattoo guidelines

Answer 16

-cattle (ear) all but Holstein
-horses (lip)
-dog (ear, lip, thigh, flank) alternative= nose print

Question 17

microchip guideline

Answer 17

some domestic animal associations have allowed microchip ID to replace tattoos
-special “readers” required
-RFID tags in cattle to not replace tattoos
-several european countries now require them in pets

Question 18

what should registry should supply…

Answer 18

-papers (including 3-5 gens)
-identification letters for owners (tattoo or microchip #s)
-access to tests & storage of results (performance tests, shows, genetic tests)
-rules re intagrity (parantage verification (who and how often)

Question 19

animal pedigree act vs the national body

Answer 19

pedigree act assocation may have more stringent regulations than the nat body (not less)

Question 20

in advertising registered animals

Answer 20

-“registered” means papers must be supplied
-no customs duty on purebred animals (canadian government encourages import of new breeding stock)