Transfusion Flashcards
What blood components does a transfusion service provide?
Red cells
Platelets
fresh frozen plasma
Cryptoprecipitate
What blood products does a transfusion service supply?
Human albumin IV immunoglobulin Human normal immunoglobulin Specific immunoglobulins Anti-D immunoglobulin Prothrombon complex concentrates
How many blood donations are required to produce one pool of platelets?
4
What is in the primary bag?
Blood
Anticoagulant
What temperature are red cells stored at, and for how long?
4C +/- 2C
shelf life of 35 days
What must be done if the blood is removed from the controlled storage for 30 mins or more?
Transfused or discarded
How long is the window between removing from storage and transfusion?
4 hours
What temp are platelets stored at?
22C with continual agitation
What is the shelf life of platelets?
7 days if bacterial monitoring system is employed
What is the window for transfusing?
1 hour
What temp is fresh frozen plasma stored at and for how long?
-30C and for up to 3 years
How long is the window for transfusion?
4 hours, thawed prior to transfusion
From most popular to least, list the 4 blood types regarding A, B and O
O
A
B
AB
What can be given to someone with blood type A?
A and O
What can be given to someone with blood type B?
B and O
What can be given to someone with blood type AB?
AB, A, B and O
What can be given to someone with blood type O?
O
Inheritance of the ABO blood group is represented on which chromosome?
9
What do the genes on chromosome 9 regarding ABO determine?
Code for enzymes that attach sugar residues to the red cell membrane
What chromosome carries the gene for the Rh(D)?
Chromosome 1
What are the 3 possible genotypes for Rh(D)?
DD, Dd, dd
What are the population frequency for DD, Dd, and dd and what is the corresponding phenotype?
DD - +ve - 35%
Dd - +ve - 48%
dd - -ve - 17%
What other blood groups are there?
Kell group
Duffy group
Kidd group
What 6 steps should be done regarding acute blood loss?
- Arrest bleeding
- Gain IV access
- Sample for cross-matching and other tests
- Restore and maintain blood volume
- Give blood
- Maintain normal pulse/BPconscioussness etc.
What is acute (intermediate) haemolytic transfusion reaction?
Usually associated with the naturally - occurring IgM antibodies of the ABO system
What are important factors regarding acute (intermediate) haemolytic transfusion reaction?
Large number of A/B antigen sites on the transfused red cells
Large number of antibody molecules in the plasma
Ease with which IgM antibodies can initiate full activation of the complement cascade with the formation of the membrane-attack complex (MAC)
What are C3a and C5a?
powerful anaphylotoxins
Increase vascular permeability
Dilate blood vessels
Cause release of serotonin and histamine
What does formation of Membrane attack complex lead to?
Rupture of transfused red cells
What is coagulation?
Thromboplastic material from haemolysed red cells leads to indiscriminate activation of the coagulation mechanism - Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
What activates the Kinin system?
Factor XII
What does the Kinin system lead to?
Formation of bradykinin
What does bradykinin cause?
Arteriolar dilatation
Increased vascular permeability
What does the formation of bradykinin lead to?
Hypotension which in turn leads to release of cetacholamines which leads to vasoconstriction
