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Haematology > The Lymphoid System > Flashcards

The Lymphoid System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does B-cell maturation occur?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

Where does T-cell maturation occur?

A

Thymus

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3
Q

Where do haematopoietic stem cells come from?

A

Foetal liver

Postnatal bone marrow

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4
Q

Describe lymph nodes?

A

Small, oval bodies

Up to 2.5cm

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5
Q

How does lymph travel?

A

Through the capsule into the peripheral sinus

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6
Q

Where does lymph travel from the node to?

A

Leaving the hilum…
Cistema chyli/Thoracic duct
L jugular, subclavian + many more

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7
Q

In what is lymph filtered?

A

Node paranchyma

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8
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the lymph system?

A

Return lymph to the circulation - important in fluid homeostasis + prevents excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues (oedema)
Filter lymoh before returning to the circulation - cell traffic + interactions with immune competent cells

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9
Q

What does the lymph system hep with regarding the adaptive immune response?

A

Specificity
Inducible
Memory
Enhanced secondary reaction

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10
Q

Describe lymphocytic B cells

A

Assoc. with follicles and germinal centres
Interfollicular
Plasma cells - mainly in the medulla

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11
Q

Describe lymphocytic T cells

A

T helper cells

T cytotoxic cells

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12
Q

What other immune cell is lymphocytic?

A

Natural Killer Cell

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13
Q

What other immune cells are present in lymph nodes?

A

Macrophages
Antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells
Endothelial cells

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14
Q

What are causes for lymphadenopathy?

A

Local inflam
Systemic inflam
Malignancy
Others e.g. sarcoidosis, Castlemans disease

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15
Q

What is the main immune response for an autoimmune condition or infection?

A

B-cell

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16
Q

What is the main immune response for the draining of a tumour?

A

Phagocytes

17
Q

What is the main immune response for viral infections and drug reactions such as from Phenytoin?

A

T-cell

18
Q

What does generalised lymphadenopathy suggest?

A

A systemic inflam process or widespread malignancy

19
Q

Describe the dimensions of the spleen?

A

High in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
150-200g
12x7x3cm

20
Q

What are anatomically related to the spleen?

A 
Diaphragm
Left kidney
Gastric fundus
Tail of pancreas
Splenic flexure of colon
21
Q

What is the blood supply and drainage of the spleen?

A 
Splenic artery (Coeliac axis)
Splenic vein with SMV forms of portal vein)
22
Q

Describe the spleen?

A

Encapsulated organ

Parenchyma includes red pulp and white pulp

23
Q

What does the red pulp contain?

A

Sinusoids

Cords

24
Q

Describe the sinusoids?

A

Fenestrated
Lined by endothelial cells
Supported by hoops of reticulin

25
Q

What do the cords contain?

A

Macrophages
Some fibroblasts
Cells in transit (e.g. RBC, WCC, PC and some CD8+ T cells)

26
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Detect, retain and eliminate unwanted foreign or damaged material
Facilitates immune response to blood borne antigens

27
Q

Describe the structure of the spleen?

A

White pulp comprises the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) - CD4+ lymphoid cells

28
Q

Are antigen presenting cells in the red or white pulp?

A

White

29
Q

What are features of an enlarged spleen?

A

Dragging sensation in LUQ
Discomfort with eating
Pain if infarction

30
Q

What is the triad of hypersplenism?

A
  1. Splenomegaly
  2. Fall in one or more cellular components of blood
  3. Correction of cytopenias by splenectomy
31
Q

Risks of what increase if you have splenomegaly?

A 
Infection
Congestion
Haematological diseases
Inflam conditions
Storage disease
Miscellaneous things e.g. tumours, cysts and amyloid
32
Q

What are causes of hyposplenism?

A 
Splenectomy
Coeliac disease
Sickle cell disease
Sarcoidosis
Iatrogenic
33
Q

What is seen in red cells after a splenectomy?

A

Howell-jolly bodies

Haematology (27 decks)

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