Transcription, Translation & viruses (15&27)

Question 1

transcription

Answer 1

making mRNA from DNA

Question 2

RNA polymerase

Answer 2

enzyme that makes RNA

Question 3

translation

Answer 3

making proteins from mRNA

Question 4

ribosome

Answer 4

organelle that makes proteins

Question 5

codon

Answer 5

sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA

Question 6

anticodon

Answer 6

sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA

Question 7

intron

Answer 7

sequence of mRNA which is removed

Question 8

exon

Answer 8

sequence of mRNA which codes for protein

Question 9

explain transcription

Answer 9

• RNA polymerase reads template DNA
• t in DNA replaced by U in mRNA
• produces single stranded mRNA molecule

Question 10

explain translation

Answer 10

• ribosomes read mRNA codons, attach complementary tRNA anticodon
• tRNA have attached amino acid
• dehydration synthesis -> peptide

Question 11

explain translation

Answer 11

• ribosomes read mRNA codons, attach complementary tRNA anticodon
• tRNA have attached amino acid
• dehydration synthesis -> peptide

Question 12

transcription factors

Answer 12

• activate transcription
• attract mRNA to polymerase to specific gene
• starts mRNA synthesis

Question 13

differential gene expression

Answer 13

transcription factors control gene expression

• adjust to environment (summer & winter fur colors)
• developmental changed (metamorphosis)
• maintain homeostasis (insulin production)

Question 14

ribosomes

Answer 14

found in all cells

-perform translation

Question 15

codon

Answer 15

block of 3 nucleotides in mRNA

Question 16

anticodon

Answer 16

block of 3 nucleotides in tRNA

-corresponds to specific amino acid

Question 17

point mutation

Answer 17

substitution of amino acid

• silent=same aa
• missense=different aa
• nonsense=stop codon

Question 18

frameshift mutation

Answer 18

addition or deletion of amino acid

-all downstream codons changed

Question 19

capsid

Answer 19

protein shell of a virus

Question 20

retrovirus

Answer 20

reverse transcribes own RNA into DNA

Question 21

lytic cycle

Answer 21

new virus is made and released from host cell

Question 22

lysogenic cycle

Answer 22

viral DNA is incorporated into host cell genome

Question 23

viral structure

Answer 23

-nucleic acid surrounded by protein

Question 24

examples of DNA viruses

Answer 24

smallpox & chickenpox

Question 25

RNA viruses examples

Answer 25

influenza and polio

Question 26

retroviruses

Answer 26

turn RNA into DNA ex: HIV

Question 27

how do viruses reproduce

Answer 27

they only reproduce inside the host cell | -uses the hosts cell transcription and translation mechanisms

Question 28

lytic cycle

Answer 28

LEARN IT THROUGH VIDEOS

Question 29

lysogenic cyce

Answer 29

LEARN IT IN A VIDEO

Question 30

cellular responses to viruses

Answer 30

-the dendritic cells and an antigen activate the T cells

Question 31

cytotoxic t cells

Answer 31

kill infected cells

Question 32

memory t cells

Answer 32

remember the virus

Question 33

helper t cells

Answer 33

release cytoknes, attract and activate B-cells

Question 34

what is the humoral response to viruses

Answer 34

B-cells secrete plasma cells - they secrete antibodies that bind to antigens - they degrade the virons