Macromolecules & enzymes (3&6)

Question 1

monomer

Answer 1

small molecule which acts as a building block

Question 2

polymer

Answer 2

large molecules made from same atoms but put together differently

Question 3

isomers

Answer 3

molecules made from same atoms but put together differently

Question 4

dehydration synthesis

Answer 4

linking 2 molecules by removing water

Question 5

hydrolysis

Answer 5

breaking a molecule by inserting water

Question 6

what are the 4 macromolecules

Answer 6

1. carbohydrates
2. nucleic acids
3. lipids
4. protiens

Question 7

monosaccharides

Answer 7

simplest carbohydrates

Question 8

disaccharides

Answer 8

2 monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

Question 9

polysaccharides

Answer 9

long chains of monosaccharides

Question 10

nucleic acids

Answer 10

1. phosphate
2. nitrogen base (pyrimidines, purines)
3. 5 carbon sugar

Question 11

what are puries

Answer 11

adenine and guanine

Question 12

pyrimidines

Answer 12

thymine, cytosine and uracil

Question 13

how is dna and rna structured

Answer 13

• 5->3
• phosphodiester bonds
• 2 nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis

Question 14

lipids

Answer 14

• fats, oils, waxes, vitamins

- high proportion of c-h bonds

Question 15

saturated fatty acids

Answer 15

have no c=c double bonds

high melting point bc regular shape

Question 16

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 16

1 or more c=c double bonds

irregular shape=low melting point

Question 17

phospholipids

Answer 17

1 glycerol
2 fatty acids-> non polar tails
1 phosphate group -> polar head

Question 18

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 18

polar (hydrophilic) head towards water
non polar (hydrophobic) tails away from water
-creates non polar barrier between 2 polar environments

Question 19

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 19

polar (hydrophilic) head towards water
non polar (hydrophobic) tails away from water
-creates non polar barrier between 2 polar environments

Question 20

what is primary structure

Answer 20

sequence of amino acids

Question 21

what is secondary structure

Answer 21

folding due to H-bonds

Question 22

what is tertiary structure

Answer 22

final folding of amino acid chain due to hydrophobic regions

Question 23

quarternary structure

Answer 23

multiple peptides

held together by H-bonds

Question 24

denaturation

Answer 24

loss of shape=loss of function
breaks due to
1. PH
2. Temp
3. Ionic concentration

Question 25

chaperones

Answer 25

proteins that help others fold correctly | also can repair some others

Question 26

endothermic

Answer 26

energy of products > reactants

Question 27

exothermic

Answer 27

energy of reactants > products

Question 28

anabolic

Answer 28

reaction that builds larger molecules

Question 29

catabolic

Answer 29

reaction that breaks into smaller molecules

Question 30

activation energy

Answer 30

energy required to start reaction

Question 31

enzyme

Answer 31

biological catalyst

Question 32

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 32

energy can not be created or distroyed

Question 33

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 33

disorder (entropy) is always increasing - more ordered/less stable - less ordered/more stable

Question 34

metabolism

Answer 34

total of all chemical reactions in an organism

Question 35

how can you increase reaction rate

Answer 35

1. increse kinetic energy | 2. lower activation energy

Question 36

active site

Answer 36

where substrates bind to an enzyme | - only specific substrate will bind

Question 37

biochemical pathways

Answer 37

multiple reactions in a sequence | -without one, the proceeding can not work

Question 38

feedback inhibition

Answer 38

- end product of pathway binds to an allosteric site on first enzyme - shut down pathway so raw materials and energy are not wasted.