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HIS with Trudel > Trains and Associated Developments > Flashcards

Trains and Associated Developments Flashcards

1
Q

What important social factor influenced the adoption of the railroad?

A

The railway’s unprecedented speed created an enthusiasm supporting railways’ further adoption.

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2
Q

How did railroads improve on Canals?

A

Faster,
Not constrained by elevation of available water systems,
not constrained by freezing water,

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3
Q

When did the Quebec City Bridge Collapse?

A

1907

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4
Q

When did the first railway to run a steam locomotive on a regular basis open? In what country?

A

1825; Stockton and Darlington railway, UK

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5
Q

What city was the initial “slaughter capital” of the United States?

A

Cincinnati

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6
Q

Why did Chicago become the new “slaughter capital” of the United States?

A

Chicago occupied a central location in the United States’ rail network. A huge number of animals could be centralized then shipped out across the country.

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7
Q

What was the early means of making profit with livestock before meatpacking?

A

Midwestern ranchers would ship live animals to the eastern seaboard to be slaughtered locally.

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8
Q

What was new about Chicago Union Stockyards.

A

Disassembly lines, where parts of the animal were systematically removed and processed.

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9
Q

How did the “Chicago Method” of slaughtering affect profit?

A

Where butchers would normally waste parts of a single carcass, Chicago could accumulate animal parts in sufficient quantities that they could be sold as products. This initially provided a key margin of profit

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10
Q

How was ice supplied to slaughterhouses before the development of ice-making machines?

A

Ice was cut from rivers and lakes in the winter, brought by rail to Chicago and stored in insulated ice-houses,

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11
Q

Why didn’t Metis hunters initially impact bison herds?

A

Too few in numbers
Means of transportation too slow or small to reach markets
Preservation into pemmican was laborous and difficult for large numbers of animals

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12
Q

Why were settlers able to nearly eliminate North America’s bison population

A

-Greater numbers, brought about by railways and canals.
-Settlers converted bison habitat to farmland
-Settlers had improved firearms, which were readily available
-Rapid and available transportation fuelled a market for hides and meat
-Government support to hinder Metis/indigenous bands, who depended on the bison

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13
Q

What are the top three causes of species extinction in the modern United State according to biologist Edward O. Wilson?

A

Habitat destruction, biological pollution, and chemical pollution

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14
Q

What two things did railways accelerate relative to the natural environment?

A

1) Settlement on the frontier
2) the spread of invasive species

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15
Q

What three innovations increased the firepower of European settlers by the mid 19th century?

A

Rifling
Breech loading
Magazines

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16
Q

What type of gun was the colt revolver?

A

Repeater

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17
Q

What is rifling?

A

a corkscrew groove on the inside of the barrel of a gun to give the bullet more spin and accuracy

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18
Q

What is breech loading?

A

Loading the gun through the rear of the barrel rather than through the front/

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19
Q

What is a repeater?

A

A gun provided with a magazine which eliminated the need for reloading after every shot

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20
Q

What event increased the availability of new guns in the second half of the 19th century?

A

American Civil War

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21
Q

How did the railway system impact the movement of invasive species?

A

Trains could transport species far away and quickly
Tunnels, bridges, embankments could sometimes connect habitats

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22
Q

How do canals impact the movement of invasive species?

A

They make connections allowing species to reach previously inaccessible bodies of water

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23
Q

Which Engineer built the suspension bridge across the Niagara in 1851, as well as the Brooklyn Bridge?

A

John A. Roebling

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24
Q

Which engineer designed the Victoria Tubular Bridge (1860) in Montreal?

A

Robert Stephenson

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25
Q

Why were tube bridges used?

A

It could better withstand twisting forces than an open bridge

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26
Q

Why did trains need wood?

A

Building tracks
Fuel
Building railway cars[?}

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27
Q

What role did trains play in the wood-based Canadian economy?

A

1) Moving raw materials and equipment
2) Moving workers and settlers

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28
Q

What were Canada’s primary exports in the 19th century;

A

Wheat, wood, potash exports

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29
Q

How did wood impact wheat cultivation in Ontario

A

1) Forests cleared to make agricultural land
2) Potash from wood ash used as fertilizer
3) Tools partially made of wood along with Ironworks in Montreal

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30
Q

What were three special-purpose trains in the 19th and 20th c.

A

1) School trains
2) Armoured trains
3) Luxury/private trains

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31
Q

Name three countries in which armoured trains were used

A

China, South Africa, Mexico

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32
Q

By which means of transportation did the German Army command part of the WW1 war effort?

A

By train.

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33
Q

How many continents were advertised as possible destinations from London in 1902

A

3; Europe, Asia, Africa

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34
Q

How many means of transportation depicted in the 1902 London travel advertisement

A

Rail
Horse Carriage
Steamship

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35
Q

What was the average income of a Canadian labourer in 1905?

A

$375

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36
Q

What destinations on the 1893 CPR advertisement were more expensive than the annual income of a Canadian worker?

A

Trip around the world China, Australia, Japan,

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37
Q

What types of destinations were promoted in railway tourism?

A

Vacations at resorts, outings in national or provincial parks, hunting trips, big cities, religious visits, family visits,

38
Q

What did tourism originally refer to?

A

A habit by the British elite to send young adults on a grand tour of Europe

39
Q

What did railway companies do to increase tourist traffic?

A

1) Promote novel destinations,
2) Create their own destinations by building facilities– CPR built the main hotels in Banff and Lake Louise, (Both in Banff national park)

40
Q

Which U.S. Banker coordinated the late 19th century consolidation of railway networks?

A

J.P. Morgan

41
Q

What was the connection between consolidation and standardization of railway gauges?

A

With consolidation, track gauges were standardized to a standard 4 ft, 8.5 inches. This was far more efficient for national transit than the several gauges of track that could be encountered in a single trip previously, requiring many transfers between tracks and trains.

42
Q

What were the four major adaptations made to steam locomotives when they began operating in North America?

A

1) Pivoting bogey wheels, to allows tighter turns
2) Cowcatchers, to mitigate the effects of collisions with wildlife
3) Spark arrestors, to prevent fires caused by wood embers
4) Bells, which worked to ward off wildlife/people on tracks

43
Q

Who was the visionary railroad engineer who pushed for railroads to adopt a standardized set of time zones?

A

Sanford Fleming

44
Q

What piece of lesislation, signed into law in 1849, ignited Canada’s “railway boom”?

A

The Guarantee Act

45
Q

What Canadian family invested in railroads from their early stages?

A

The Molson family

46
Q

What country had the longest total length of railway by 1860, how much was it?

A

The United States, with 49,000 kilometers

47
Q

Where was Canada’s first railway built? What did it connect?

A

Built in Quebec, connecting the cities of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu and La Prairie (near Montreal)

48
Q

What was the first public railway to operate steam locomotives?

A

The Stockton and Darlington railway, opened in 1825, operated a mixture of steam locomotives and horse-drawn trains

49
Q

When and where were the first engineering classes taught in Canada?

A

King’s College Fredericton, NB, in 1854

50
Q

When was the first engineering degree awarded in Canada?

A

1858 to a McGill student

51
Q

How can railroads be considered the first complex, large-scale technological systems?

A

They require:
1) Materials– tracks, stations, signalling, fuel, water
2) Corporate organization– Managers, engineers, conductors, mechanics, cooks, stewards, porters

52
Q

When was the US transcontinental railway completed?

A

1869

53
Q

What were early railway constructors called?

A

Navvies

54
Q

What were the working conditions of early British railway workers?

A

Quite hard. They lived in shantytowns

55
Q

Why was wood used for early rails?

A

It was cheap

56
Q

What modification was added to wood rails to make them more effective?

A

Thin metal strips

57
Q

Why were thin metal strips on rails sometimes dangerous?

A

They could detach from the wood rails and cause accidents

58
Q

Why were running boards enclosed on trains?

A

They protected from weather

59
Q

Why did trains add running boards on the outside?

A

It let ticket controllers visit each individual passenger compartment

60
Q

How did Robert Stephenson innovate the design of the Menai strait bridge?

A

He used a tubular bridge because the original suspension plan was seen to be unstable for trains.

61
Q

What design of rail carriages was influenced by previous technology?

A

The design of individual compartments of early passenger cars replicated the central body of older horse-drawn stagecoaches

62
Q

On the eve of the civil war, the US was ranked where in global railway track length?

A

First

63
Q

When was Canada’s railway boom?

A

After 1849

64
Q

Why did Canada pass the Guarantee act?

A

Fear of being outcompeted by the American railway network

65
Q

When did Montreal’s école polytechnique open?

A

1874

66
Q

Before standard time, a single rail trip in North America could encounter how many local time zones?

A

58

67
Q

Sanford Fleming may not have come up with the idea of a standard time first, but what was his contribution?

A

Mobilizing international concern over timekeeping, working through institutions and associations, and his developing ties to astronomers and geographers, and the British government.

68
Q

How many countries was Sanford Fleming’s proposals for standard railway time sent to?

A

18

69
Q

What year did international standard time begin to be established?

A

1885

70
Q

When did universal time become standard

A

1925

71
Q

When was North American railway time implemented?

A

1883

72
Q

What year was Britain’s Tay Bridge disaster?

A

1879

73
Q

What railway derailment was Charles Dickens involved in?

A

Staplehurst train derailment

74
Q

How many people died in the Tay Bridge disaster

A

over 60

75
Q

What was the deadliest year for railway accidents in Canada?

A

1913 (710 people killed)

76
Q

What was Canada’s most lethal railway accident? How many people died?

A

A train crashed into the Richelieu River in 1864. Nearly 100 passengers died

77
Q

Which Canadian railway company was heavily involved in bridge construction in the mid 19th century?

A

Grand Trunk Railway

78
Q

What technique did Charles A. Roebling use on the Niagara River suspension bridge?

A

He used cables instead of chains to deliver a double-decker bridge.

79
Q

By what year was Montreal’s Victoria bridge rebuilt?

A

1899

80
Q

Designs involving metal latticework were implicated in which bridge disasters?

A

Tay Bridge and Quebec City Bridge

81
Q

What kind of bridge involves a lattice-girder design

A

Steel truss bridge

82
Q

When was Barbed Wire invented?

A

1874

83
Q

What decade did Cincinnati slaughtering begin to take place?

A

1830s

84
Q

Where did the disassembly line first develop?

A

In Cincinnati

85
Q

When did Chicago Union Stock Yards emerge?

A

1865

86
Q

If disassembly lines were not new to Chicago meatpacking, what was, in relation to disassembly?

A

The sheer amount of animals allow to sell what would normally be waste as a product in itself

87
Q

What was actually new about Chicago meatpacking?

A

They started to apply ice to refrigerating railroad cars.

88
Q

When were the first experiments of refrigerating at Chicago Stockyard?

A

1867-68

89
Q

Why was the Grand Trunk railway involved in shipping refrigerated carcasses?

A

Less dependent on livestock shipping than other companies and had northern routes at lower temperatures

90
Q

When did ice machines become effective commercially?

A

By 1880

91
Q

In what year did package beef exports overtake live beef exports?

A

1882-1883

HIS with Trudel (17 decks)

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