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HIS with Trudel > The Atomic State > Flashcards

The Atomic State Flashcards

1
Q

Why did less US high school students graduate from 1940-1945?

A

There were many job opportunities for the war effort

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2
Q

To what industries did high school students gravitate in 1940?

A

High-skilled work such as aerospace, printing and publishing, etc.

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3
Q

Since WW2, jobs in what educational level have precipitously declined in the US?

A

Less than high school

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4
Q

What year did manufacturing jobs for high school education start to decline in the United States?

A

approximately 1980

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5
Q

When did manufacturing jobs with at least a year of college start to rapidly grow in the US

A

1980

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6
Q

When did manufacturing jobs with at least a year of college decline in the US?

A

1990

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7
Q

What education has remained relatively stable in manufacturing employment in the United States since their growth?

A

At degree of at least 4 years of college

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8
Q

Since world war 2, employment in manufacturing sector has shrunk in the United States, but the educational level of workers in the sector has…

A

clearly risen

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9
Q

Who resurrected the olympic motto? When?

A

Pierre de Coubertin 1896

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10
Q

What was the olympic motto?

A

Faster, Higher, stronger

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11
Q

who created the olympic motto?

A

A French schoolteacher

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12
Q

What did the olympic motto symbolize?

A

A culture of the end of the 19th century emblematic of an attitude toward technology and a way of life

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13
Q

What did the Italian futurists believe?

A

That there was beauty in modern technology just as there was ancient beauty

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14
Q

What did the Italian futurists idealize apart from technology?

A

War, violence, patriotism

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15
Q

What artistic piece did the Italian futurists compare the beauty of technology to?

A

The greek sculpture of the Winged Victory of Samothrace

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16
Q

How did futurists describe movement in their art?

A

Blurry, distorted forms

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17
Q

What technologies did the futurists feature in their art?

A

Planes, bicycles, trains, occasionally modern city features such as new boulevards or buildings

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18
Q

How did soviet art contrast itself to the Tsarist past?

A

Quite literally paving over it with modernity. Soviet propaganda emphasized themes of material progress, electricity, paving streets, tractors, etc.

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19
Q

Why did some urban planning take place in industrial towns?

A

People set up factories where there was a power source (water). This was sometimes deep in the country with no available housing. Industries built small towns to house their workforce

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20
Q

With what trend(s) did reformers start to propose new city plans?

A

The general trend of improving the health of the population.

Also include the migration to the cities by the end of the 19th century

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21
Q

Who came up with the idea of a garden city? When?

A

British utopian Ebenezer Howard in 1898.

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22
Q

What is the garden city?

A

Central cities with countryside separating it peripheral garden cities. These would be connected by municipal railways.

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23
Q

What was the goal of a garden city?

A

Provide enough accessible green-space for people in the city core and periphery

Make sure cities are not too crowded

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24
Q

Kanata was built with to what kind of city planning in mind?

A

a Garden City

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25
Q

To open greenspace for more people, what was the alternative to garden cities?

A

Vertical cities

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26
Q

Where do pedestrians walk in Hilbersheimer’s vertical city concept?

A

in elevated walkways

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27
Q

What innovations made it possible to build taller buildings in the early 20th century?

A

elevators, better steel frames, reinforced concrete

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28
Q

What architectural tradition did early skyscrapers resemble?

A

Traditional architectural techniques dating back to antiquity.

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29
Q

How tall were skyscrapers in the early 20th century?

A

Tall enough (six or seven stories) but completely overshadowed by modern skyscrapers

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30
Q

Which architect proposed Ottawa’s urban master plan?

A

Jacques Gréber

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31
Q

What did Jacques Gréber envision for his Montreal suburb?

A

Separation between residential and commercial district, trees and parks intersperse through the residential areas, and a large Central Park in the commercial district. NO GRID PATTERN

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32
Q

What was the name of the Model town built during the Roosevelt administration?

A

Greenbelt, Maryland

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33
Q

What kind of living did the Roosevelt administration’s model towns have?

A

small and modest housing, relatively low density and interspersed with trees. Accessible to pedestrians and cars

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34
Q

What were suburbs designed by William Levitt called?

A

Levittown

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35
Q

What are the features of suburbs compared to earlier garden cities?

A

Fewer amenities, a smaller central business core, not a lot of variety in the street patterns.

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36
Q

Why did demand for housing explode in the United States after ww2?

A

-Little housing was built through the Great Depression and the war.
-Lots of veterans returned from the war and went to school and got well-paying jobs. They started families, so existing housing was not enough.

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37
Q

According to available data, is the US adult population less scientifically literate than europe’s

A

Absolutely not The US actually scores very high.

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38
Q

Why did the futurists like war?

A

“In article 9, war is defined as a necessity for the health of human spirit, a purification that allows and benefits idealism.”

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39
Q

What two major events led to a questioning of traditional values?

A

WW1 and the Great Depression

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40
Q

Faith in what came out of a rejection of traditional values?

A

Faith in science, technology, and modernity

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41
Q

What major change ind design occurred as a result of the new emphasis on modernity?

A

Streamlining; straight lines, clean corners, sometimes rounded– generally making things look more aerodynamic

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42
Q

What did streamlining start with? Why?

A

Vehicles, especially cars. There was a practical incentive to go faster, aside from it looking cool

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43
Q

What did Antonio Saint Elia do?

A

He was a futurist. He drew sketches of modern buildings and cities

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44
Q

What could modern designs be applied to other than buildings or cars?

A

Household objects such as chairs

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45
Q

What did le Corbusier call buildings?

A

Machines for living in

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46
Q

Henry Dreyfus Norman Bel Geddes represented what?

A

American adherents of modernism

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47
Q

What household object did the American futurist Raymond Loewy streamline?

A

Refrigerators

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48
Q

Who invented the geodesic dome?

A

Buckminster Fuller

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49
Q

Which American futurist designed Gm’s Futurama exhibits at the New York World Fair?

A

Norman Bel Geddes

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50
Q

Which meme is representative of the streamlining push in the United States?

A

The sleek FDR bullet train.

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51
Q

What kind of chair reflects the streamlining push in the United States?

A

The one-piece Eames chair

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52
Q

Between what years did diesel locomotives rapidly overtake steam trains in the US?

A

1945-1955

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53
Q

What was the modernist motto in the United States?

A

“Less is more”

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54
Q

How could streamlining fit the modernist motto?

A

Recall less is more– the design is sleeker and simple, yet it is more aerodynamic and performs better

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55
Q

True or false: Most of the technologies in modern military arsenals were developed in the two world wars

A

true

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56
Q

What was the role of the state in scientific research in WW1?

A

The state was seen as coordinating the cooperation of different partners such as the universities and the army

57
Q

When were the first research councils created in the English speaking world?

A

1915-1916

58
Q

What roles did the research councils of US and Canada take after ww1?

A

US National Research Council took on a purely advisory and coordinating role.

The Canadian counterparts was playing an increasingly active research role by the time of ww2

59
Q

What problems did the research councils of US and Canada tackle after ww1?

A

research problems of industry by drawing upon the knowledge of universities

60
Q

What is the basic input of university research?

A

Public funds

61
Q

What does NSERC provide universities?

A

Discovery grants

62
Q

What does NSERC stand for?

A

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

63
Q

What are non-public inputs into basic research?

A

The personal expertise of the professor
The personal contacts that may assist them
Funds from interested companies or organizations

64
Q

What are the outputs of university basic research?

A

Potential intellectual property
New codified knowledge
Highly qualified personnel

65
Q

What is the basic function of a research council?

A

Funnel money to researchers

66
Q

Why was science and technology legitimated in the public and state after ww2?

A

The conviction that technology had delivered victory

67
Q

What was the model for a new innovation system relying on the melding of science, govt funds, and engineers?

A

The creation of the nuclear bomb

68
Q

When did enthusiasm for modernity peak?

A

The 1950s, with the advent of jetliners, space travel, and great hopes in nucler power

69
Q

Post-ww2 designers, planners, builders implemented designs from what sources and with what philosophy.

A

Sources as diverse as the autobahns, futuristic visions was the 1939 world fair, and the general belief that an uncluttered and streamlined exterior was modern

70
Q

In what decade did scientists start to come up with the idea of a nuclear bomb?

A

1930s

71
Q

What pushed the allies to invest in developing a nuclear bomb?

A

The fear that the germans were going to make one first

72
Q

through the 40s and 50s, what major nuclear technologies were developed in succession

A

First sustained chain reaction
First fission bomb
First nuclear reactor
First Fusion bomb

73
Q

How does the Manhattan project reflect technoscience?

A

-Idea for bomb began as pure scientific theory
-Collaboration/assembly of international resources (Uranium, heavy water, scientists)
-Huge resources devoted to the project
-Note that the science relied itself on advanced technology such as nuclear centrifuges

74
Q

Chalk River (Ontario), Trail (BC), Port Radium (NWT) and Montreal were sites for what?

A

materials for the Manhattan Project

75
Q

From what international source did the Manhattan project acquire some of its Uranium?

A

Belgian congo

76
Q

The Los Alamos site was what for the Manhattan project?

A

A purpose-built town to house all the scientists and engineers

77
Q

True or false: the US was very collaborative with Canada and the UK in developing the nuclear bomb

A

Trick question! The US cut out and restored collaboration with both, twice!

78
Q

What was the atomic energy act? when

A

Mandated exclusive US control of nuclear weapons and all civilian applications as of January 1 1947

79
Q

What were Vannevar Bush’s three items?

A

TO maintain government funding of
1) Basic scientific research
2) Military r&d
3) Medical r&d

80
Q

Why did Vannevar Bush argue his point?

A

The US frontier, which was key to American values, had closed. Science posed to be that new frontier, which was limitless. By investing in science, the United States would guarantee it would be the strongest country and most prosperous for eternity

81
Q

In 1945, what share of US GDP was devoted to defence?

A

37%

82
Q

Why was Vannevar Bush initially ignored?

A

-Pressure to reduce military spending postwar
-The US already had the ultimate weapon (A-bomb). It was though they could keep it a monopoly

83
Q

When did the United States renew wartime funding of research?

A

1948

84
Q

What two events were rude awakenings for American r&d?

A

First soviet nuclear bomb in 1949
Launch of soviet Sputnik sattelite 1957

85
Q

What kind of nuclear process powered the thermonuclear bomb? How powerful was it compared to the first atomic bombs?

A

Nuclear Fusion. It resulted in a bomb thousands of times more powerful than the first Hiroshima bomb

86
Q

When did the US test a hydrogen bomb?

A

1952

87
Q

When did the USSR test a hydrogen bomb?

A

1955

88
Q

When did the UK test its 1) fission and 2) Fusion bombs?

A

1952, 1957

89
Q

The US detonation of a thermonuclear bomb (Castle Bravo) at Bikini atoll took place when? What was the side effect?

A
  1. It spread fallout that killed a Japanese fisherman. Many others were contaminated
90
Q

What was the reaction of scientists to the accelerating pace and damage of nuclear advances?

A

Advocating for a limitation of tests

91
Q

What did Linus Pauling do to advocate against nuclear tests?

A

Surveyed baby teeth to examine concentrations of radioactive isotopes

92
Q

When did Eisenhower address the United Nations with his nuclear proliferation proposal?

A

December 8, 1953

93
Q

When did Eisenhower address the United Nations with his nuclear proliferation proposal?

A

December 8, 1953

94
Q

What was Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace proposal?

A

In exchange for signing on to forswearing development of nuclear bombs,

95
Q

What was Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace proposal?

A

It offered countries peaceful uses of nuclear energy for signing on to forswearing development of nuclear bombs,

96
Q

What were the goals for the Atoms for Peace proposal?

A

-Reduce fears of nuclear war
-Demonstrate American credibility with nuclear weapons
-Reduce risks of the spread of nuclear technology
-Establish IAEA to devise and apply peaceful uses of nuclear tech

97
Q

What were the peaceful uses of nuclear technology as defined by Eisenhower?

A

Agriculture, medicine, and other peaceful electricity. A special purpose is to provide electrical power.

98
Q

What were the peaceful

A
99
Q

Was civilian nuclear power in existence by the time of Eisenhower’s atoms for peace speech?

A

Only in embryonic form

100
Q

How did the Eisenhower administration make the atoms for peace offer more enticing?

A

By sponsoring research into civilian applications of nuclear technology to show more clear payoffs of nuclear energy.

101
Q

When was Arco, Idaho, first powered with nuclear energy?

A

1955

102
Q

When did the first UN international Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy open in Geneva?

A

1955

103
Q

When did the UN establish the IAEA?

A

1957

104
Q

What developments compelled the growth of public support for arms control?

A

collapse of the 1960 Paris peace summit (due to the u-2 incident) and the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

105
Q

What was the Limited Test Ban Treaty?

A

Prohibited nuclear testing aside from underground tests

106
Q

What was operation ploughshare?

A

Testing the detonation of nuclear bombs to be useful for construction or industry

107
Q

When was operation ploughshare active?

A

1961-1973

108
Q

What is an atomic farm?

A

A farm which uses controlled radiation exposure to induce mutations in crops

109
Q

What is the cobalt bomb?

A

A Canadian innovation which could irradiate cancerous tumours

110
Q

Why were fallout shelters built in the United States?

A

Reduce public fears
Maintain deterrent effect against the Soviet Union

111
Q

What did the Canadian Voice of Women for Peace advocate?

A

Against nuclear weapons on Canadian soil

112
Q

What items did the United States recommend citizens have in case of a nuclear war?

A

Sterile bandages and gauze, water purification tablets, antiseptics, Ammonia spirits, Castor eye drops, Salt tablets, baking soda tablets, wooden tongue blades

113
Q

When did Canada’s first nuclear experiments begin?

A

1940s

114
Q

When was Canada’s first nuclear reactor active? Where?

A

1945 in Chalk River, ON

115
Q

The CANDU nuclear reactor lasted how long? Why so little time?

A

1954-1962. The civilian nuclear power was reliable early on but it proved prone to accelerated aging

116
Q

What was the purpose of a fallout shelter?

A

survive the nuclear fallout after an explosion

117
Q

What “race” existed alongside the nuclear arms race?

A

The space race

118
Q

From whom did the American and soviet programs get a head-start?

A

By seizing German scientists after ww2

119
Q

True or False: Space travel had been defended before the first missiles ever flew in the Soviet Union

A

True. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was an important cultural presence and advocated/promoted space travel in media

120
Q

Who was the head of the Nazi Rocket Programme?

A

Wernher von Braun

121
Q

When did Yuri Gagarin go into earth orbit?

A

1961

122
Q

When did Alan Shepard get launched into space?

A

Also 1961, just a few weeks after Gagarin

123
Q

How did the space race impact conventional security fears?

A

If you could launch a rocket into space you could launch a rocket at the United States.

124
Q

What was the United States’ curriculum reform during the 1950s

A

Emphasize STEM

125
Q

What agency was created in 1950 in the US to support support basic research expected to yield practical benefits

A

National Science Foundation

126
Q

What did the bulk of research funding in the United States come from?

A

Department of Defense, NASA< and the Department of Energy

127
Q

What did ARPA (1958) stand for

A

Advanced Research Projects Agency

128
Q

In what year did the inventions of corporate research laboratories take over from the output of individuals?

A

1930

129
Q

After what year was the independent inventor no longer a major player in patents acquisition?

A

1950

130
Q

In what years did government provide increased support r&d funding?

A

1953-1970s

131
Q

Why did the United States see increased industry funded r&d in the 1980s?

A

The Bayh-Dole act allowed universities and small business (large corporations after 1983) to retain title to federally-funded breakthroughs and can negotiate exclusive licenses for them.

132
Q

in what year did industry funded r&d overtake federal funded r&d?

A

1979-1980

133
Q

What years did industry funded r&d take off over government funded?

A

After 1989

134
Q

What happened in 1989 that made the government reduce relative r&d spending?

A

End of the Cold War

135
Q

American r&d goes to what domains, in order of priority?

A

Defense, health, space, general science, energy

136
Q

What is the rationale for the Bayh-Dole Act?

A

Inventions require outside financing for further development

137
Q

in 2001, 45% of inventions were at which stage?

A

Proof of concept

138
Q

What are the consequences of outsourcing university research to industry

A

1) Decline of in-house corporate research labs
2) Rise of private. financing
3) corporations capture the benefits of publicly funded research
4) Public funding remains key for basic research and scholarship with few lucrative applications (social sciences and humanities

HIS with Trudel (17 decks)

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