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HIS with Trudel > Electricity > Flashcards

Electricity Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first use of Chaudiere Island’s Waterpower Potential? What other reason was the usage important in this location?

A

A sawmill. The site had rapids which were a bottleneck for logs transiting the river. It was already situated at a place where logs were stopped, eliminating transportation costs

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2
Q

How were logs historically transported around the Chaudiere rapids?

A

Timber slide

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3
Q

What decades did mechanical work output from inanimate sources overtake animals?

A

1860s-1870s

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4
Q

What decade did mechanical work output fro, animals start to decrease?

A

1920s

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5
Q

What year was the Chaudiere sawmill built?

A

1806

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6
Q

How did the Chaudiere sawmill cause problems?

A

Wood clippings from the sawmill clogged the Ottawa river. —The wood damaged ships and sunk to the bottom, forming a layer of sawdust which stifled vegetation and marine ecosystems. Recreational and occupational fishing was harmed. Additionally, the decomposing wood could produce natural gas and make noxious smells.

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7
Q

What was the reaction to the sawmill pollution of the Ottawa river? Why was the reaction unsuccessful?

A

A fifty year legal and legislative battle to regulate the sawmill industry. The reaction was unsuccessful as the sawmills corporate interests were very powerful in Canada’s wood-based economy

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8
Q

How was mechanical motion transferred in factories before electricity?

A

Repoes, belts and shafts which transferred mechanical motion physically

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8
Q

What characterized early factories before electricity?

A

Close to source of power, narrow, tight, poorly lit, full of machinery, unsafe.

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9
Q

How did electricity impact the factory interior?

A

Factories could have more spacious interiors by removing various mechanical devices, as well as incorporating more light from electric lighting or windows.

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10
Q

What decade dd the electric motor overtake the steam engine as a source of mechanical drive in US manufacturing establishments?

A

1910s

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11
Q

True or false; the internal combustion engine represented a significant source of power in US manufacturing by the 1930s

A

False. the impact was negligible.

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11
Q

Did the steam engine grow or decline in US manufacturing usage from 1910 to 1940?

A

Declined

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12
Q

When did steam engines become a major source of electrical power?

A

Late 19th century

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12
Q

In 1869, steam engines were equivalent to what source of power in US manufacturing establishments?

A

Waterwheels and turbines

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13
Q

What years was the steam engine dominant in US manufacturing

A

1870s-1910s

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13
Q

How did engineers drive the early generators powering lighting?

A

Steam engines and hydropower

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14
Q

What were the limitations of arc-lighting?

A

Burned out quickly, produced a lot of soot and sparks

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15
Q

Which was more practical for business, the arc-light or the light-bulb?

A

light bulb

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15
Q

What do we owe to Edison for bringing lights into homes and businesses?

A

-A systems approach
-an electric lighting network suitable for homes within a short distance of the power plant
-popularization of direct current

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16
Q

What do we owe to Tesla and Westinghouse for bringing lights into homes and businesses?

A

-Dominance of alternating current (AC)
-large AC generators serving large areas
-poly-phase induction motors

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17
Q

What is the difference between Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)

A

Alternating current reverses direction of flow of electrical charge periodically while DC flows in the same direction

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18
Q

Why did AC win out over DC?

A

AC current could more easily be transported long distances for cheaper

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18
Q

Aside from industry, particularly wood, what did the Chaudiere rapids provide?

A

Power generation

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19
Q

Why did waterpower initially have to be used locally?

A

limitations on the transfer of motion mechanically before electricity

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20
Q

What was the only means of transferring power before electricity.

A

By converting power into a product locally

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21
Q

When did water turbines attain efficiencies of 60-70%

A

1850s

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22
Q

Where was the first hydroelectric plant and when did it open?

A

Appleton, Wisconsin in 1882

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22
Q

What technology powered hydroelectric dams? Which less efficient technology did it replace?

A

the turbine, replacing the water wheel

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23
Q

What current did the first hydroelectric power plant use?

A

DC

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24
Q

What current was used in later hydroelectric plants? What did this allow?

A

AC. This allowed power produced by dams to be spread over further distances and form the bases of regional power grids

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25
Q

How did Canada’s hydroelectric output in 1928 compare to the hoover dam’s initial output?

A

5 million Horsepower compared to 1.8 million HP, later upgraded to 3 million horsepower

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26
Q

What component of Canadian geography facilitated the adoption of hydroelectricity?

A

Many hilly elevations with water flowing; Rocky Mountains out west

27
Q

Which dam in Canada was briefly the largest in the world? when and where was it built?

A

Queenston-Chippawa plant on the Niagara river; built in 1925

27
Q

Which dam in Canada was briefly the largest in the world? when and where was it completed?

A

Queenston-Chippawa plant; completed in 1925 on the Niagara river (0.6 Million HP)

28
Q

What are the environmental impacts of a dam

A

Dams require diverting rivers, then flooding a large reservoir to generate constant flow. This floods many inhabited areas and alters local water flow patterns.

29
Q

By the 1940s, what percentage of urban and rural residents had electricity?

A

90% in the urban, 10% in the rural

30
Q

What decade did hydroelectricity rapidly expand in Canada?

A

1920s

31
Q

Why was the city easier to electrify than the countryside?

A

The density of potential customers was far greater in the city. When electricity was fairly expensive, this allowed companies to pay off the initial costs of building central stations. The country did not have such benefits. Even if there was demand for electricity, the country could not afford it.

32
Q

How did governments rectify the urban-rural divide in electricity?

A

Sponsored large projects (Hydro Ontario, Hydro Quebec)

32
Q

How did governments rectify the urban-rural divide in electricity?

A
33
Q

How did governments rectify the urban-rural divide in electricity?

A

Sponsored large projects to help electrify the countryside. –These included encouraging electricity coops of citizens (Quebec),
–Establishing state agencies (Hydro Ontario, Hydro Quebec) to build infrastructure and connect the country to the power grids.

34
Q

What was the political impact of unequal electrification of the city and countryside

A

Caused political tension; governments ran on platforms of electrification

35
Q

What animal was said to have caused the 1876 Chicago fire? How?

A

A cow was said to have kicked over an oil lamp

36
Q

What imbalance prompted electric companies to promote other household electric goods

A

For central stations, demand for lighting peaked at night and fell far below during the day. This needed to be balanced

36
Q

How did household electrical appliances initially fit into the house’s power supply?

A

They were plugged into the light socket, This was later fixed to allow you to vacuum without having to unscrew a light bulb

37
Q

What was the entry point of other electrical appliances in the household?

A

The power supply for electric lighting

38
Q

What industry did many electrical inventors and engineers of the late 19th century originate in? Why?

A

The telegraph industry. This provided a sort of training ground for practical electricity knowledge

39
Q

How did Thomas Ahearn come to work for the Bell company? When did this incident occur?

A

in 1877 Ahearn replicated Bell’s telephone with a line from Pembroke to Ottawa based on information published in the Scientific American/ He was threatened by Bell for patent infringement, but rather than go out of business he ended up managing the first Ottawa branch of the Bell company

40
Q

With which telegraph-trained partner did Thomas Ahearn establish a store with on Spark Street in 1881?

A

Warren Y. Soper

41
Q

With which telegraph-trained partner did Thomas Ahearn establish a store with on Spark Street.

A

Warren Y. Soper

42
Q

How did Ahearn and Soper demonstrate arc lights in Ottawa?

A

They drew power from generators powered by a small waterwheel at Chaudiere falls

43
Q

When did Ahearn and Soper first demonstrate incandescent lights at uOttawa?

A

1883

43
Q

When were electric lights first introduced to Ottawa? by Whom?

A

1882 by Thomas Ahearn and Warren Y. Soper

44
Q

Why were locomotives impractical for public transit within cities?

A

In a narrow, small urban environment…
1) The large capacity of cargo/passengers was unnecessary
2) Their high speeds were unnecessary
3) Their high speeds could cause accidents
4) They created a lot of noise
5) They created a lot of smoke

45
Q

What were the disadvantages associated with horse-drawn public transit?

A

1) Horses could be slow
2) Horses produced a lot of manure
3) The wheels on carriages were noisy
4) Horses needed food and lodging
5) The driver could not be the ticket controller

46
Q

What is a charabanc?

A

Smallest form of horse-drawn public transit. Essentially a horse drawn carriage with an exposed passenger compartment, multiple benches. Two horses; used wheels.

47
Q

What was an omnibus?

A

A larger charabanc with an enclosed passenger compartment and an upper deck for passengers. Wheels. Three horses.

48
Q

How did a streetcar differ from an omnibus?

A

Streetcars used wheels while omnibuses used rails.

49
Q

How did a streetcar differ from an omnibus?

A

Streetcars used wheels while omnibuses used rails.

49
Q

How were omnibuses adapted to Canadian conditions?

A

Given sleds.

50
Q

What decade did electric streetcars spread?

A

1890s

51
Q

What were some of the specialized electric streetcars that emerged after the 1890s?

A

Mail, police work, carrying bodies of Spanish flue victims

52
Q

Frank J. Sprague did what in 1888?

A

Demonstrated the city-wide distribution of electric power to streetcars in Richmond, Virginia

53
Q

What effect did demand for electric streetcars have on demand for electricity?

A

increased demand and fostered the building of new power plants

54
Q

When did Toronto get its first electric streetcar? When did the last horse-cars get phased out?

A

1892; 1894

55
Q

Before Sprague, what were electric streetcars mostly used as?

A

One-off curiosities at exhibitions. Sprague’s demonstration showed how power could be distributed to a city-wide system

56
Q

What were Canadian adaptations to streetcars?

A

Employing snow-shovelers or installing snow-ploughs on the streetcars

57
Q

In what year was Ottawa’s first electric streetcar line opened? By whom?

A

1891 by the Ottawa Electric Railway, backed by Ahearn and Soper

58
Q

When was Ottawa mail first carried by streetcar?

A

1894

59
Q

When did Ottawa’s last streetcar run?

A

1959

59
Q

What year did Ottawa open its new electric railway

A

2019

60
Q

In what period were electric railways prevalent?

A

Interwar period

61
Q

Why were electric railways prevalent in the early 20th century?

A

1) They had developed enough to be able to power locomotives and pull cars
2) They produced no fumes which could be crucial in North America, which was great in tunnels

62
Q

Why did Canadian Northern Railways begin a 5.2 km railway tunnel in Montreal under Mount Royal in 1913?

A

To reach a downtown terminal where other routes had been taken by other companies or other neighbourhoods. These could not be bought up.

63
Q

Which company opened the railway tunnel under Mount Royal? Why?

A

Canadian National in 1918 (Canadian Northern Railways went bankrupt from this project, was nationalized to become Canadian National)

64
Q

What kind of train did Canadian Northern Railways and the company that opened the tunnel under Mount Royal use?

A

An electric train

65
Q

What period did interurban railways use electric propulsion to carry passengers over short distances between cities or suburbs?

A

1900-1930

66
Q

What propulsions were in use before and after electric trains

A

Steam, then diesel

67
Q

Why did interurban railways decline?

A

The rise of the automobile, competition from buses and coaches and the construction of roads and highways.

HIS with Trudel (17 decks)

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