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HIS with Trudel > Ecological Threshold > Flashcards

Ecological Threshold Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 domains was chemistry used for?

A

Textiles
Explosives
Medicine
Materials
Agriculture

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2
Q

What did William Perkin discover?

A

Mauveine purple dye

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3
Q

What did Alfred Nobel invent?

A

Dynamite

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4
Q

What did Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch develop?

A

A process for the synthesis of ammonia

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5
Q

How was Alfred Nobel able to fund Nobel Prizes?

A

His fortune from the invention of dynamite

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6
Q

What was the name given to the 1980s due to the presence of new purple dye?

A

The Mauve Decade

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7
Q

What level of energy reduction was achieved by the Haber-Bosch process?

A

50%

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8
Q

How (in what substances) can Ammonia be used in agriculture?

A

Used alone, or turned into Urea, ammonium nitrate, or a mix of both, all of which may help fertilize the soil

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9
Q

True or false: Synthetic soda ash costs more energy than making synthetic ammonia

A

False

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10
Q

What is generally the second largest source of nitrogen in German agriculture?

A

Manures

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11
Q

What is biofixation of nitrogen?

A

Bacteria fixes nitrogen in the soil

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12
Q

What is atmospheric deposition

A

Nitrogen fixed to the soil by lighting strikes or UV rays

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13
Q

When did Fertilizers overtake the next largest source in Germany?

A

1965

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14
Q

When did Fertilizer overtake the next largest source of nitrogen in Chinese agriculture?

A

1975

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15
Q

What is the second largest source of nitrogen in Chinese agriculture?

A

Biofixation

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16
Q

What percentage of Chinese agricultural nitrogen is fertilizer-based?

A

74%

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17
Q

What percentage of German agricultural nitrogen is fertilizer-based?

A

59%

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18
Q

When was fertilizer introduced to Chinese Agriculture?

A

1950s

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19
Q

What percentage of modern agriculture depends on fertilizer?

A

About 50%

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20
Q

What two main products could be produced more cheaply when the haber-bosch process was perfected?

A

Fertilizer and Dynamite

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21
Q

Invention of which product led to the development of the first large-scale chemical industry?

A

Mauveine dye

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22
Q

Why did chemicals become a dirty word?

A

Due to their involvement in war, massacres, and overall just poisoning stuff

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23
Q

Why did shelling and aerial bombing become more powerful in the 19th century?

A

Development of high explosives with chemicals

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24
Q

At which battle did the German army first deploy poison gas? When?

A

Ypres, 1915

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25
Q

Whom did the German army deploy the first gas attack against?

A

French colonial soldiers on the left flank of the Canadian army

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26
Q

What gas was used in the first Gas attack in WW1?

A

Chlorine

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27
Q

For the Germans, Ypres was a salient or a reverse salient?

A

A reverse salient

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28
Q

What was one of the first counter measures developed for defending against chlorine gas?

A

A wet rag with urine over the mouth because it was thought that chlorine would react with the urine

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29
Q

Why was chlorine gas deadly?

A

It was heavier than air so it sunk to the bottom of trenches where soldiers sheltered

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30
Q

What was the advantage of Phosgene as a poison gas?

A

It had only a faint door, and did not really irritate the skin and eyes. Soldiers were gassed before they knew it

Then they would swell in the lungs and die of asphyxiation

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31
Q

How was mustard gas lethal??

A

Impossible to smell in pure form, penetrated clothing and the effects became only obvious after the exposure

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32
Q

True or false: The British only used gas attacks in the last year of the war

A

False. The British used it just as much as the germans

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33
Q

True or false: Gas accounted for a relatively small about of combat fatalities.

A

True, only about 90,000

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34
Q

What percentage of battlefield casualties was being caused by Gas at the end of ww1?

A

14%

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35
Q

What was the primary fear of gas attacks based on?

A

suffering and cruel, drawn out deaths

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36
Q

How long could mustard gas persist in soil?

A

up to three years

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37
Q

Was there much doctors could do about gas attacks?

A

Nope. Give ‘em a wash and hope for the best. Also give them cocaine

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38
Q

Why were gas weapons not used on European battlefields in ww2?

A

Both sides had a deterrent effect on the other. No one wanted a war with poison gas.

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39
Q

Which famous German was gassed at Passchendaele?

A

Hitler

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40
Q

What was DuPont de Nemours accused of after WW1?

A

War profiteering from making munitions

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41
Q

What was DuPond de Nemour’s slogan fro improve its public image?

A

‘Better Things for Better Living… through Chemistry”

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42
Q

John Sargent made a painting of what?

A

A yellow tinted painting of Americans lined up having been gassed

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43
Q

Which country lost the most troops in ww1?

A

Russia

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44
Q

Which country lost the most troops in relative terms in ww1?

A

Austria-Hungary

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45
Q

How many countries had over a million men killed in combat during ww1?

A

Four (Russia, France, Germany Austria-Hungary)

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46
Q

What were the long term effects of gas attacks on the lungs?

A

Lung difficulties and higher risk of tuberculosis

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47
Q

What new technology replaced the cavalry units of the armies fighting in ww1?

A

Tanks

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48
Q

Why did British children get equipped with gas masks at the start of ww2?

A

Fear of aerial bombardment by gas shells

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49
Q

What two big accidents warned publics about the risks of technology?

A

The Hindenburg (1937) and the titanic (1912)

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50
Q

How fast did the Hindenburg get destroyed after it caught fire?

A

One minute

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51
Q

What was the Zeppelin initially used for?

A

German bombing raids over England

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52
Q

The destruction of the Hindenburg was a blow to the prestige of which country? Why?

A

Nazi Germany; The Nazis prided themselves on this German invention

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53
Q

What did the British hope to use zeppelins for?

A

Connecting their empire. It was an alternative to ships and railroads which could be intercepted

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54
Q

One British Zeppelin went from London to Ottawa in 1930; where did the other go?

A

It was supposed to go to Karachi, but it crashed in Northern France and killed 48 of its 54 passengers

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55
Q

What did the US navy hope to use zeppelins for?

A

Flying aircraft carriers for reconnaissance

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56
Q

Why did the US Navy abandon its zeppelin program?

A

Two of them crashed and sank in storms

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57
Q

When did the Hindenburg catch fire?

A

May 1937

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58
Q

What was the largest aircraft ever built?

A

The Hindenberg

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59
Q

What did the design of Auschwitz recall?

A

Union stockyards. it was effectively a human slaughterhouse

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60
Q

How were inmates brought into auschwitz?

A

cattle cars

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61
Q

How were most of the jews of auschwitz disposed?

A

Crematoriums

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62
Q

Where did those unfit to work at Auschwitz go?

A

Gas chambers

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63
Q

What was used in the Auschwitz gas chambers?

A

Zyklon-B, a rat poison

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64
Q

Whose work led to the invention of the poison used in the Auschwitz gas chambers?

A

Fritz haber

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65
Q

What did the Germans claim Zyklon-b was being used for

A

to protect the camp’s food supply

66
Q

Which chemist supervised the gas attack at Ypres

A

Fritz haber

67
Q

Name three synthetic materials increasingly used between the two world wars?

A

Cellophane, Rayon, Fabrikoid

68
Q

What did Fritz Haber’s wife do in 1915?

A

Killed herself, some think she was protesting his war work

69
Q

What did Fritz Haber win the Nobel Prize for

A

Recognition for his work on ammonia synthesis

70
Q

What was one defence used by some Nazis on trial to justify the mass killings?

A

They were following the lead of American eugenicists in that different people had different value to society

71
Q

What did the ww2 confirm about technoscience?

A

It confirmed the power of the systematic coordination of interdisciplinary teams in pursuit of well-defined goals, as was already practiced by the research labs of large companies

72
Q

What was questioned as a result of ww2?

A

The values of modernity (efficiency, planning, control, speed) and the claims of science were questioned

73
Q

What do fertilizers do?

A

Provide essential elements to plants

74
Q

What composes fertilizers?

A

Elements derived from phosphorus or nitrogen

75
Q

What is the effect of excess nitrogen in the environment

A

excess nutrients

76
Q

What do pesticides do?

A

Fight pests that prey on crops (insects, compete with them (weeds) or plague them (fungi)

77
Q

Wheat yields in the United States have increased in the past 80 years as a result of what?

A

Fertilizer

78
Q

What are the more specific names of pesticides?

A

Insecticides, herbicides, fungicides

79
Q

What effect do excess pesticide shave on the environment?

A

Poison the environment

80
Q

How much did American agricultural yield increase from 1940-1961

A

From 15 to 25 thousands of bushels/acre

81
Q

Why have quantities of fertilizer stopped increasing in the United States?

A

A maximum is reached where more nitrogen doesn’t put more nutrients to the plants. Rather it becomes excess

82
Q

How much larger are US corn yields now than in the 1930s?

A

6 times larger

83
Q

Plant breeding is thought to account for ___ of the US increase in US corn yields

A

half

84
Q

What are the sources of increase in corn yields in the US?

A

Plant Breedng
Better irrigation
Fertilizer use
Global warming
Mechanization

85
Q

What countries have “black” fertilizer use?

A

Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, India, Bangladesh, China

86
Q

What watersheds have “green” fertilizer use?

A

Areas where there is basically no agriculture

87
Q

What species grows from excess Phosphorus and nitrogen?

A

Algae

88
Q

What do Algae blooms do for wildlife?

A

They suck the oxygen from the water and kill fish and other marine life

89
Q

How many inmates of Nazi camps are estimated to have died from typhus?

A

Over 200,000

90
Q

Where is microbe causing typhus found?

A

in the feces of the human louse

91
Q

What conditions cause typhus to spread?

A

Overcrowding, lack of sanitation, poor food

92
Q

True or false: Typhus appeared in Naples by late 1942 with the allied invasion of Italy?

A

False. It was late 1943 but the rest is true

93
Q

Why was the typhus vaccine in short supply by 1943?

A

It was reserved for soldiers

94
Q

What delousing powders were applied to eliminate typhus in Naples?

A

DDT and MYL

95
Q

What does DDT act on in preventing typhus?

A

It kills the lice (de-lousing powders)

96
Q

What did Paul Müller discover? What did he get for it?

A

DDT; Nobel Prize

97
Q

True or false: The noble prize for the containment of typhus in Naples was biased in its presentation of DDT

A

true; it heavily overemphasized the role of DDT

98
Q

What was the additional “benefit” of DDT apart from just killing things

A

It lasted on objects for a long time; it was active for a very small dosage.

99
Q

The Plasmodium parasite causes which disease?

A

Malaria

100
Q

How does the malaria cycle work?

A

The plasmodium parasite infects the liver and blood cells of a human. A mosquito bites a human and acquires the parasite. Plasmodium reproduces in the mosquito, then mosquito bites human to introduce the disease

101
Q

How could DDT control malaria?

A

By killing the mosquito which transmits it.

102
Q

What two techniques with DDT were used in Africa to combat malaria?

A

Outdoor spraying
Indoor residual spraying

103
Q

What areas did DDT target in outdoor spraying for malaria control in Africa? Why?

A

Water sources and wet areas to kill mosquito larvae.

104
Q

How does indoor residual spraying work?

A

DDT’s persistence keeps mosquitos from landing on surfaces inside the house.

105
Q

Where do mosquitos usually reproduce?

A

Wet humid areas, marshes, rivers, ponds

106
Q

What other drug was an important antimalarial agent?

A

Chloroquine

107
Q

True or false: IRS with pyrethrum or DDT was extraordinarily effective at lowering malaria cases in Africa

A

Yes, but resistance to the pesticides quickly developed and are causing problems now

108
Q

What two elements have become much more common in rivers as a result of domestic and agricultural pollution?

A

Nitrogen and phosphorus

109
Q

What two elements have become much more common in rivers as a result of domestic and agricultural pollution?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus

110
Q

What did Rachel Carson argue about pesticides and fertilizers in Silent Spring?

A

The impact of new synthetic pesticides and fertilizers on water quality, the food chain, and the broader environment could not be ignored.

111
Q

What events happened at the same time to boost the resonance of Rachel Carson Argument

A

Smog choked los ángeles and nuclear tests produced radioactive fallout

112
Q

What alternatives did Rachel Carson suggest for pesticides?

A

Use of natural enemies and specific diseases of unwanted pests, known to be effective since the 19th century

113
Q

How does the development of insect resistance against pesticides work?

A

The survivors of a pesticide exposure who might be more resistant pass their genes to the next generation, meaning more will survive the next pesticide exposure

114
Q

Why is there a push to deploy ddt again in Africa?

A

Malaria in Africa has been resorting and other pesticides have been losing effectiveness

115
Q

Why does DDT use for malaria differ in different regions?

A

Some regions where DDT had not been used for agriculture or mosquito control, are more effective when they do

116
Q

What is a pesticide treadmill?

A

A pesticide eliminates a species, but then a competitor comes and takes the original pest’s place, meaning you have to apply more pesticides

117
Q

Did environmentalists win the public debate in the United States in the 1960s?

A

yes

118
Q

When did the United States pass a series of environmental quality acts?

A

late 1960s:
Water Quality Act (1965)
Air Quality Act (1967)
National Environmental Policy Act (1970)– Established the EPA

119
Q

How does DDT affect predators?

A

They accumulate quantities of the pesticide in their food supply

120
Q

What does ddt do to birds’ eggshells?

A

Thins them

121
Q

When was DDT banned in the US?

A

1972

122
Q

What agency was made to supply politicians with cost/benefit analysis about technology?

A

The Congressional Office of Technological assessment

123
Q

When did the UN hold the Conference on the Human Environment (1972)

A

1972

124
Q

Which were the two environmental days? What started them?

A

World environment day (June 5)
-the starting date of the 1972 UN conference on the Human environment
Earth Day
-Started by US Senator Gaylord Nelson calling for a day of mobilization for the environment

125
Q

True or False: Chickens could be fattened by traditional breeding means without the use of biotechnological tools

A

True

126
Q

What methods are used to increase the volume of meat in chicken farms?

A

-Direct Breeding
-Intensive Confinement
-Improved Nutrition
-Antibiotocs and other drugs

127
Q

What are the three measures of success in poultry farming

A

Average market weight
Days needed to reach Markey weight
How much feed per pound of broiler meat

128
Q

By what factor have chickens increased in market weight since 1925

A

2.5 times

129
Q

By what factor have chickens reduced their time to get to market weight since 1925?

A

by over half

130
Q

By what factor has the feed conversion ratio of chickens decreased since 1925?

A

2.5 times

131
Q

Are most modern broiler chicken the result of direct genetic modification?

A

Nope

132
Q

By what means has genetic engineering mainly increased crop yields?

A

Herbicide tolerance, pesticide tolerance,

133
Q

What are Monsanto’s “roundup ready” crops immune to?

A

The roundup herbicide

134
Q

AN increasing amount of crops have what biotech traits?

A

They combine several biotech traits.

135
Q

What is the downside of genetically modified crops with hybrid traits?

A

Sometimes they are sterile and so cannot produce offspring. Farmers have to buy each generation of crop from the seed supply

136
Q

GM crops occupy around what percentage of global croplands?

A

About 10%

137
Q

When did the total area of Biotech crops stabilize?

A

About 2014

138
Q

What percentage of biotech crops have virus resistance?

A

Less than 1%

139
Q

What was one result of the UN 1972 conference on the human environment (apart from world environment day)

A

The EU formulated its first environmental action plan the following year

140
Q

What are some niche genetic modifications for crops?

A

Resistance to viruses
Enrichment in vitamins
More efficient nitrogen absorption
Drought resistance

141
Q

The top four transgenic crops are what?

A

Soybeans
Corn
Cotton
Canola

142
Q

What share of transgenic crops does soybean occupy?

A

50%

143
Q

Which country has the largest share of transgenic crops?

A

USA

144
Q

Which country has had the largest increase in transgenic crop usage?

A

Brazil

145
Q

Which continent has the most countries in the top 5 area of transgenic crop usage?

A

South America

146
Q

North American farming as practiced by Europeans was characterized by:

A

-Monoculture
-Lack of crop rotation

147
Q

Why could good husbandry not take over in North America?

A

-Lack of markets for products other than wheat
-General scarcity of labour in NA colonies

148
Q

By the 1940s, what was the leading cause of reduced wheat yields throughout the Canadian prairies?

A

Weeds

149
Q

How did wartime development of DDT affect recognition of its safety risks?

A

1) Urgency of reducing risks of malaria and typhus was the focus
2) The govt was able to mobilize huge resources to get this done than was possible in peacetime
3) Part of the risks classified only piecemeal or never at all

150
Q

For what reasons did DDT’s risks not get strongly recognized?

A

Ignorance of long term effects
Wartime development
Was thought to be cheap and long-lasting
Academic industrial Complex

151
Q

What is the academic-industrial complex’s impact on DDT?

A

Protecting harvests through the eradication of pests was a cause that seemed worthwhile to scientists and that was well funded by industry. The result left little from for dissenting voices

152
Q

By 1960 what percentage of economic entomologists worked in the field of biological controls?

A

Only 2%

153
Q

Why is the creation of a refuge mandatory when using pesticides or gmo crops?

A

It will help slow the growth of genetic resistance

154
Q

Endosulfan, Malathion, Dieldrin, Clorpyrifos-methyl, and Quintozene are what?

A

Five of the six most-found pesticides in food in the United States

155
Q

Which scientist was key to the “Green Revolution?”

A

Norman Borlaug

156
Q

What was the green revolution?

A

Technology transfer of publicly developed gmo crops which vastly increased crop yields

157
Q

What is the drawback of new GMO crops?

A

Dependence on pesticides, fertilizers, controlled irrigation, and mechanization. Also they could not breed properly.

158
Q

Pesticide development has more recently switched from…to….

A

Broad spectrum pesticides to selective pesticides

159
Q

What was the main drawback to the highest quality hybrid chicken lines?

A

They could not breed. This left the production in the hands of the companies who owned the pure inbred lines.

160
Q

What was the supplement in feed developed for chickens raised indoors?

A

Vitamin D

HIS with Trudel (17 decks)

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