Tracheobronchial Diseases Flashcards
What are the common clinical signs of general canine tracheobronchial disease?
- cough
- retch/gag
- wheezing
- inspiratory sounds
- tachypnea
- respiratory distress
- cyanosis if severe
Describe the uncomplicated form of kennel cough
- upper airways
- dry cough
- serous oculonasal discharge
- gagging and retching
Describe the complicated form of kennel cough
- upper and lower airways
- moist cough
- mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
What is the treatment for uncomplicated kennel cough?
- restrict exercise
- doxycycline if Bordetella is suspected
- cough suppressants
What is the treatment for complicated kennel cough?
- restrict exercise
- systemic antibiotics
- nebulization with or without gentamycin
- bronchodilators
When do clinical signs for canine influenza appear, and what are they?
- 2-5 days post exposure
- cough, sneezing, nasal discharge, fever
Which diagnostics are used to detect canine influenza?
PCR
Serology
Viral isolation
What is the treatment for canine influenza?
- supportive care, NSAIDs, IV fluids
- systemic antibiotics in severe form
Who is at risk for Oslerus osleri?
younger dogs in kennels
Describe the pathogenesis of Oslerus osleri
- larvae ingested, mold in small bowel, migrate to lungs, bronchi, and trachea
- cause cream colored nodules in trachea
What are the clinical signs of an Oslerus osleri infection?
coughing
weezing
dyspnea
Which diagnostics are used to detect Oslerus osleri?
radiographs
bronchoscopy
Tracheal/bronchial brushes or biopsies
fecal examination
Which drugs are used to treat Oslerus osleri infection?
Fenbendazole
Ivermectin
Who is more predisposed to tracheal collapse?
- middle aged to older dogs
- toy or small breeds
- obese dogs
Describe the pathogenesis of tracheal collapse
- usually acquired reduction in chondrocytes in tracheal cartilage
- weak cartilage with flattening of tracheal rings
What are the clinical signs of tracheal collapse?
- goose honk cough
- cough exacerbated by exercise and excitement
- may cause cyanosis and collapse
- some dogs have hepatomegaly
- cardiac murmur
Which diagnostics are used to detect tracheal collapse?
- signalment, history, and signs
- radiographs (insp and exp)
- fluorosopy
- bronchoscopy (best)
What is the treatment for tracheal collapse?
- oxygen rich environment
- cough suppressant
- corticosteroid
- breaking the cycle (weight loss, avoid excitement)
- extraluminal stents (extrathoracic or cervial collapse)
- intraluminal stents (intrathoracic or entire tracheal collapse)
What is canine chronic bronchitis?
- inflammation of the bronchial walls causing thickened walls and increased mucus, resulting in obstruction of small airways
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What are the clinical signs of canine chronic bronchitis?
- daily cough for longer than 2 months
- audible wheezes
- exercise intolerance
What are the common sequels of canine chronic bronchitis?
- emphysema
- bronchiectasis
- pneumonia
Who typically gets canine chronic bronchitis?
- small breeds
- > 6 years
- obese
What is the treatment for canine chronic bronchitis?
- eliminate triggers
- keep hydrated
- reduce weight if obese
- prednisone
- bronchodilators with corticosteroids
- metered dose inhalers
Describe the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis
- damage to the bronchi resulting in thickened wall and dilation
- mucus builds up
- secondary infection occurs which leads to a recurrent bronchopneumonia
What are the common clinical signs of idiopathic feline bronchitis?
- chronic or intermittent cough
- open mouth breathing
- audible wheezing
What would you hear on auscultation in a cat with idiopathic feline bronchitis?
- wheezes, crackles
- increased expiratory effort
What is asthma?
bronchial constriction
Which diagnostics are used to detect idiopathic feline bronchitis?
- radiograph
- CBC
- fecal examination
- transtracheal wash, bronchoscopy, BAL
- cytology/culture
Describe a thoracic radiograph of a cat with idiopathic feline bronchitis
- bronchial patterns predominate
- reticular interstitial and patchy alveolar opacities
- hyperinflation of lungs
- 10% have collapsed right middle lung lobe
For idiopathic feline bronchitis, what would the cytology results be if the cause was asthma vs. infectious?
asthma: increased eosinophils (or neutrophils) and mixed inflammation
infectious: degenerative neutrophils +/- intracellular bacteria
What is the immediate treatment of idiopathic feline bronchitis?
- reduce stress
- oxygen rich environment
- rapid acting corticosteroid
- bronchodilation (Albuterol or Terbutaline)
What are the long-term treatments of idiopathic feline bronchitis?
- environmental manage
- prednisone (anti-inflammatory)
- Depo-Medrol for aggressive patients
- Metered dose inhaler (Fluticasone proprionate, Beclomethasone)
What are the disadvantages to using metered-dose inhalers?
- increase risk of dental disease
- re-emergence of latent herpes infection
- local dermatitis
What is chronic feline bronchitis?
chronic airway inflammation
Chronic feline bronchitis is characterized by?
- neutrophilic inflammation
- mucosal edema
- mucus gland hypertrophy
- excessive mucus production
