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Small Animal Medicine > Tracheobronchial Diseases > Flashcards

Tracheobronchial Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common clinical signs of general canine tracheobronchial disease?

A
  • cough
  • retch/gag
  • wheezing
  • inspiratory sounds
  • tachypnea
  • respiratory distress
  • cyanosis if severe
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2
Q

Describe the uncomplicated form of kennel cough

A
  • upper airways
  • dry cough
  • serous oculonasal discharge
  • gagging and retching
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3
Q

Describe the complicated form of kennel cough

A
  • upper and lower airways
  • moist cough
  • mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
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4
Q

What is the treatment for uncomplicated kennel cough?

A
  • restrict exercise
  • doxycycline if Bordetella is suspected
  • cough suppressants
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5
Q

What is the treatment for complicated kennel cough?

A
  • restrict exercise
  • systemic antibiotics
  • nebulization with or without gentamycin
  • bronchodilators
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6
Q

When do clinical signs for canine influenza appear, and what are they?

A
  • 2-5 days post exposure

- cough, sneezing, nasal discharge, fever

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7
Q

Which diagnostics are used to detect canine influenza?

A

PCR
Serology
Viral isolation

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8
Q

What is the treatment for canine influenza?

A
  • supportive care, NSAIDs, IV fluids

- systemic antibiotics in severe form

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9
Q

Who is at risk for Oslerus osleri?

A

younger dogs in kennels

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10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Oslerus osleri

A
  • larvae ingested, mold in small bowel, migrate to lungs, bronchi, and trachea
  • cause cream colored nodules in trachea
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of an Oslerus osleri infection?

A

coughing
weezing
dyspnea

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12
Q

Which diagnostics are used to detect Oslerus osleri?

A

radiographs
bronchoscopy
Tracheal/bronchial brushes or biopsies
fecal examination

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13
Q

Which drugs are used to treat Oslerus osleri infection?

A

Fenbendazole

Ivermectin

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14
Q

Who is more predisposed to tracheal collapse?

A
  • middle aged to older dogs
  • toy or small breeds
  • obese dogs
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15
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of tracheal collapse

A
  • usually acquired reduction in chondrocytes in tracheal cartilage
  • weak cartilage with flattening of tracheal rings
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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of tracheal collapse?

A
  • goose honk cough
  • cough exacerbated by exercise and excitement
  • may cause cyanosis and collapse
  • some dogs have hepatomegaly
  • cardiac murmur
17
Q

Which diagnostics are used to detect tracheal collapse?

A
  • signalment, history, and signs
  • radiographs (insp and exp)
  • fluorosopy
  • bronchoscopy (best)
18
Q

What is the treatment for tracheal collapse?

A
  • oxygen rich environment
  • cough suppressant
  • corticosteroid
  • breaking the cycle (weight loss, avoid excitement)
  • extraluminal stents (extrathoracic or cervial collapse)
  • intraluminal stents (intrathoracic or entire tracheal collapse)
19
Q

What is canine chronic bronchitis?

A
  • inflammation of the bronchial walls causing thickened walls and increased mucus, resulting in obstruction of small airways
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
20
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine chronic bronchitis?

A
  • daily cough for longer than 2 months
  • audible wheezes
  • exercise intolerance
21
Q

What are the common sequels of canine chronic bronchitis?

A
  • emphysema
  • bronchiectasis
  • pneumonia
22
Q

Who typically gets canine chronic bronchitis?

A
  • small breeds
  • > 6 years
  • obese
23
Q

What is the treatment for canine chronic bronchitis?

A
  • eliminate triggers
  • keep hydrated
  • reduce weight if obese
  • prednisone
  • bronchodilators with corticosteroids
  • metered dose inhalers
24
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis

A
  • damage to the bronchi resulting in thickened wall and dilation
  • mucus builds up
  • secondary infection occurs which leads to a recurrent bronchopneumonia
25
Q

What are the common clinical signs of idiopathic feline bronchitis?

A
  • chronic or intermittent cough
  • open mouth breathing
  • audible wheezing
26
Q

What would you hear on auscultation in a cat with idiopathic feline bronchitis?

A
  • wheezes, crackles

- increased expiratory effort

27
Q

What is asthma?

A

bronchial constriction

28
Q

Which diagnostics are used to detect idiopathic feline bronchitis?

A
  • radiograph
  • CBC
  • fecal examination
  • transtracheal wash, bronchoscopy, BAL
  • cytology/culture
29
Q

Describe a thoracic radiograph of a cat with idiopathic feline bronchitis

A
  • bronchial patterns predominate
  • reticular interstitial and patchy alveolar opacities
  • hyperinflation of lungs
  • 10% have collapsed right middle lung lobe
30
Q

For idiopathic feline bronchitis, what would the cytology results be if the cause was asthma vs. infectious?

A

asthma: increased eosinophils (or neutrophils) and mixed inflammation
infectious: degenerative neutrophils +/- intracellular bacteria

31
Q

What is the immediate treatment of idiopathic feline bronchitis?

A
  • reduce stress
  • oxygen rich environment
  • rapid acting corticosteroid
  • bronchodilation (Albuterol or Terbutaline)
32
Q

What are the long-term treatments of idiopathic feline bronchitis?

A
  • environmental manage
  • prednisone (anti-inflammatory)
  • Depo-Medrol for aggressive patients
  • Metered dose inhaler (Fluticasone proprionate, Beclomethasone)
33
Q

What are the disadvantages to using metered-dose inhalers?

A
  • increase risk of dental disease
  • re-emergence of latent herpes infection
  • local dermatitis
34
Q

What is chronic feline bronchitis?

A

chronic airway inflammation

35
Q

Chronic feline bronchitis is characterized by?

A
  • neutrophilic inflammation
  • mucosal edema
  • mucus gland hypertrophy
  • excessive mucus production

Small Animal Medicine (16 decks)

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