Respiratory System Flashcards
What is Stridor?
- high pitched inspiratory noise
- rapid flow of air passing a rigid obstruction, paralyzed/collapsed larynx
What is Stertor?
- low pitched inspiratory noise
- gurgling or snoring sound, produced as air passes soft tissue obstruction
What is orthopnea?
- shortness of breath when lying down
- adopt strange position
What are the typical signs of an upper airway problem?
- nasal discharge
- sneezing/reverse sneezing
- increased effort in inspiration
- audible sounds (stridor/stertor)
- inability to breath with mouth closed
- pawing/rubbing at face
What are the typical signs of a lower airway problem?
- cough (hallmark sign)
- respiratory distress
- increased effort in expiration
- crackles and wheezes audible on auscultation
Describe crackles
snapping open of airways that have closed due to fluid in or around them
Describe wheezes
caused by airflow through a narrow openin
Describe snaps
loud snap over hilus at end of expiration indicates collapse of the intrathoracic trachea, carina, or bronchi
What causes goose honks?
tracheal collapse
What are pleural friction rubs?
creaking/grating sounds due to roughened pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
Describe auscultation results with pleural effusion
- lung sounds are auscultated dorsally
- muffled sounds ventrally
- lungs floating in fluid
- heart sounds reduced
Describe auscultation results with pneuothorax
- absence of lung sounds dorsally due to compression
- likely present in ventral field
What are the results of pulmonary percussion with fluid and pnuemothorax?
- fluid gives a dull sound
- pneumothorax gives increased resonance
What are the most common infectious agents of Feline Upper Respiratory Disease Complex?
- herpesvirus (rhinotracheitis)
- calicivirus
Clinical signs for Feline Upper Respiratory Disease Complex
herpes, calici, chlamydophila
Herpesvirus: ulcerative keratitis, punctate or dendritic ulcers
Calicivirus: ulcers on tongue, nose, and hard palate, pneumonia, lameness
Chlam: conjuncitivitis with chemosis
What are sequels to feline rhinotracheitis?
- chronic rhinitis/sinusitis
- chronic conjunctivitis
- fibrosis of lacrimal ducts (epiphora)
What are the treatments for feline rhinotracheitis?
- topical antivirals for ocular disease
- oral antivirals
- supportive care
- vaccination (reduces severity)
What are the clinical signs of feline calicivirus?
- same as rhinotracheitis
- oral and nare ulcers
- pneumonia
- GI signs
- lameness
What two syndromes are associated with feline calicivirus, and what are their symptoms?
Limping kitten syndrome: lameness, ulcers on paws, sore joints, polyarthritis
Virulent hemorrhagic systemic syndrome: upper resp signs, edema, hepatitis, diarrhea, pustular dermatitis, hemorrhagic cystitis
What are the sequels of feline calicivirus?
- chronic rhinitis/sinusitis/conjunctivitis
- carrier state
What are the treatments for feline calicivirus?
- supportive: antibiotics, nursing/rehydration
- interferon (turn on innate immunity)
What are the common causes of fungal rhinitis in cats and dogs?
- dogs: aspergillus fumigatus
- cats and dogs: cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans
What are the signs of nasal aspergillosis in dogs?
- sneezing, nasal discharge
- nasal ulceration and depigmentation
- possible facial distortion
- turbinate destruction
What is lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?
chronic inflammatory rhinitis characterized by a lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration into the nasal mucosa, without underlying etiology
What are the clinical signs of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?
- uni/bilateral nasal discharge
- mucoid/mucopurulent discharge
- sneezing, oculr discharge, reverse sneezing, stertor
What is found in a rhinoscopy of an animal with lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?
- hyperemic, edematous mucosa, easily traumatized, bleeds
- turbinates atrophied or destroyed
What are clinical signs of nasal neoplasia?
- nasal discharge
- decreased airflow through nasal cavity
- sneezing, facial deformity, epiphora, exophthalmos, dyspnea
- dysphagia
- neurological signs if cribriform plate is invaded
What is the treatment for nasal neoplasia?
- surgical debulking with radation
- chemotherapy useful if lymphoma
What are the most common neoplasia in dogs?
In cats?
dogs: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
cats: adenocarcinoma and lymphoma
What is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?
- immotile ciliary syndrome
- structural and functional changes of the cilia
- results in poor clearance of mucus from airways
