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Small Animal Medicine > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Stridor?

A
  • high pitched inspiratory noise

- rapid flow of air passing a rigid obstruction, paralyzed/collapsed larynx

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2
Q

What is Stertor?

A
  • low pitched inspiratory noise

- gurgling or snoring sound, produced as air passes soft tissue obstruction

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3
Q

What is orthopnea?

A
  • shortness of breath when lying down

- adopt strange position

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4
Q

What are the typical signs of an upper airway problem?

A
  • nasal discharge
  • sneezing/reverse sneezing
  • increased effort in inspiration
  • audible sounds (stridor/stertor)
  • inability to breath with mouth closed
  • pawing/rubbing at face
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5
Q

What are the typical signs of a lower airway problem?

A
  • cough (hallmark sign)
  • respiratory distress
  • increased effort in expiration
  • crackles and wheezes audible on auscultation
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6
Q

Describe crackles

A

snapping open of airways that have closed due to fluid in or around them

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7
Q

Describe wheezes

A

caused by airflow through a narrow openin

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8
Q

Describe snaps

A

loud snap over hilus at end of expiration indicates collapse of the intrathoracic trachea, carina, or bronchi

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9
Q

What causes goose honks?

A

tracheal collapse

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10
Q

What are pleural friction rubs?

A

creaking/grating sounds due to roughened pleural surfaces rubbing against each other

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11
Q

Describe auscultation results with pleural effusion

A
  • lung sounds are auscultated dorsally
  • muffled sounds ventrally
  • lungs floating in fluid
  • heart sounds reduced
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12
Q

Describe auscultation results with pneuothorax

A
  • absence of lung sounds dorsally due to compression

- likely present in ventral field

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13
Q

What are the results of pulmonary percussion with fluid and pnuemothorax?

A
  • fluid gives a dull sound

- pneumothorax gives increased resonance

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14
Q

What are the most common infectious agents of Feline Upper Respiratory Disease Complex?

A
  • herpesvirus (rhinotracheitis)

- calicivirus

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15
Q

Clinical signs for Feline Upper Respiratory Disease Complex

herpes, calici, chlamydophila

A

Herpesvirus: ulcerative keratitis, punctate or dendritic ulcers
Calicivirus: ulcers on tongue, nose, and hard palate, pneumonia, lameness
Chlam: conjuncitivitis with chemosis

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16
Q

What are sequels to feline rhinotracheitis?

A
  • chronic rhinitis/sinusitis
  • chronic conjunctivitis
  • fibrosis of lacrimal ducts (epiphora)
17
Q

What are the treatments for feline rhinotracheitis?

A
  • topical antivirals for ocular disease
  • oral antivirals
  • supportive care
  • vaccination (reduces severity)
18
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline calicivirus?

A
  • same as rhinotracheitis
  • oral and nare ulcers
  • pneumonia
  • GI signs
  • lameness
19
Q

What two syndromes are associated with feline calicivirus, and what are their symptoms?

A

Limping kitten syndrome: lameness, ulcers on paws, sore joints, polyarthritis
Virulent hemorrhagic systemic syndrome: upper resp signs, edema, hepatitis, diarrhea, pustular dermatitis, hemorrhagic cystitis

20
Q

What are the sequels of feline calicivirus?

A
  • chronic rhinitis/sinusitis/conjunctivitis

- carrier state

21
Q

What are the treatments for feline calicivirus?

A
  • supportive: antibiotics, nursing/rehydration

- interferon (turn on innate immunity)

22
Q

What are the common causes of fungal rhinitis in cats and dogs?

A
  • dogs: aspergillus fumigatus

- cats and dogs: cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans

23
Q

What are the signs of nasal aspergillosis in dogs?

A
  • sneezing, nasal discharge
  • nasal ulceration and depigmentation
  • possible facial distortion
  • turbinate destruction
24
Q

What is lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?

A

chronic inflammatory rhinitis characterized by a lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration into the nasal mucosa, without underlying etiology

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?

A
  • uni/bilateral nasal discharge
  • mucoid/mucopurulent discharge
  • sneezing, oculr discharge, reverse sneezing, stertor
26
Q

What is found in a rhinoscopy of an animal with lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?

A
  • hyperemic, edematous mucosa, easily traumatized, bleeds

- turbinates atrophied or destroyed

27
Q

What are clinical signs of nasal neoplasia?

A
  • nasal discharge
  • decreased airflow through nasal cavity
  • sneezing, facial deformity, epiphora, exophthalmos, dyspnea
  • dysphagia
  • neurological signs if cribriform plate is invaded
28
Q

What is the treatment for nasal neoplasia?

A
  • surgical debulking with radation

- chemotherapy useful if lymphoma

29
Q

What are the most common neoplasia in dogs?

In cats?

A

dogs: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
cats: adenocarcinoma and lymphoma

30
Q

What is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?

A
  • immotile ciliary syndrome
  • structural and functional changes of the cilia
  • results in poor clearance of mucus from airways

Small Animal Medicine (16 decks)

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