Neurology Examination

Question 1

Which spinal nerves control UMN and LMN in the limbs?

Answer 1

C1-C5: UMN in all limbs
C6-T2: LMN in forelimns, UMN in hind limbs
T3-L3: UMN in hind limbs
L4-S3: LMN in hind limbs

Question 2

Which nerves are being tested in the following tests?

PLR, menace, oculocephalic reflex, jaw tone, tongue tone, gag reflex

Answer 2

PLR: optic and oculomotor
Menace: optic and facial
Oculocephalic: vestibularcochlear
Jaw: trigeminal
Tongue: hypoglossal
Gag: vagus and glossopharyngeal

Question 3

Which nerves are being tested in the following tests in the hind limb? How should the animal react?
flexor, patellar, cranial tibial

Answer 3

Flexor: sciatic and femoral (pinch skin, dog should pull leg away)
Patellar: femoral (contracts muscles)
Cranial tibial: sciatic (flexion of hock)

Question 4

Which nerves are being tested in the following tests in the forelimb?
flexor, extensor carpi radialis

Answer 4

Flexor: musculocutan, median, ulnar
Extensor: radial (carpus should straighten)

Question 5

Where are UMNs located?

Answer 5

cell bodies in the cortex and brain stem

axons in the brain stem or spinal cord

Question 6

What are the main functions of UMNs?

Answer 6

responsible for initiation of voluntary movements and maintenance of tone in extensor muscles

Question 7

Where are LMNs located?

Answer 7

cell bodies in brain stem (cranial nerves) or in ventral horn of spinal cord (peripheral)
axons run in cranial/peripheral nerves

Question 8

What are the main functions of LMNs?

Answer 8

supply muscles and glands of the body

also control reflexes

Question 9

Describe how the following would be affected in complete or partial destruction of LMNs
(Function, Tone, Reflexes, Atrophy)

Answer 9

Function: paralysis (C), paresis (P)
Tone: absent (C), decrease (P)
Reflexes: areflexia (C), hyporeflexia (P)
Atrophy: severe (C), less severe (P)

Question 10

Describe how the following would be affected in complete or partial destruction of UMNs
(Function, Tone, Reflexes, Atrophy)

Answer 10

Function: paralysis (C), paresis (P)
Tone: normal/increased
Reflexes: normal/hyper-reflexia
Atrophy: minimal

Question 11

Describe a UMN bladder and a LMN bladder

Answer 11

UMN: small, difficult to express (tense)
LMN: dilated, atonic, easily expressed