Bacterial Diseases of Dogs Flashcards
What type of bacteria is Salmonella?
How is it transmitted?
- gram negative
- isolated in raw chicken (ingestion)
- contaminated food and water
What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?
- none to severe gastroenteritis
- vomiting and diarrhea
- can result in hypovolemia and septic shock
- possible neutropenia
How is salmonellosis diagnosed?
- clinical signs
- fecal culture
How is salmonellosis treated?
- no treatment in mild/asymptomatic
- in severe, isolation and IV fluids
- Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprimsulfonamide, Amoxicillin, or Ampicillin
What kind of bacteria is Campylobacter?
What does it look like?
- gram negative
- curved, slender, motile rod
What are the clinical signs of campylobacteriosis?
- large bowel diarrhea (mucus, tenesmus, hematochezia, increased freq)
- elevated temp and possible leukocytosis
How is campylobacteriosis diagnosed?
- microscopic exam: curved, gull-wing shaped bacteria
- culture
- PCR
What kind of bacteria is Helicobacter?
What does it look like?
- gram negative
- curved/spiral
What are the clinical signs of helicobacteriosis?
- may or may not cause chronic gastritis
- vomiting, weight loss, emaciation, diarrhea
How is helicobacteriosis diagnosed?
- gastric biopsies looking for inflammation and presence of bacteria
- EM and molecular evaluation of organism
- PCR on gastric samples
How is helicobacteriosis treated?
- triple therapy: 2 antibiotics and an antiacid
- Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, and Omeprazole/Famotidine
What kind of bacteria is Brucella?
- gram negative
- coccobacillary
- aerobic
How is Brucella transmitted?
- through aborted fetal material, semen, urine, milk, and possibly oral or conjunctival
What are the clinical signs of Brucellosis?
- lymphadenopathy, fevers, seizures
- enlarged scrotum, epididymitis, infertility, testicular atrophy
- females: infertility, abortions, stillbirths
How is brucellosis diagnosed?
- leukocytosis
- hyperglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia
- CSF: neutrophilic pleocytosis with increased protein levels
- serology (agglutination tests)
- AGID, ELISA, PCR, culture
How is brucellosis treated?
- sterilize all infected animals
- multi-antibiotic regimen (doxy plus IM stretomycin, aminoglycosides, quinolones)
What kind of bacteria are Actinomyces and Nocardia?
- gram positive
- branching bacteria
What is Actinomyces associated with?
What is Nocardia associated with?
A: anaerobic infections, foreign body migrations, pyothorax, peritonitis, bite wounds
N: wounds and pyothorax
How is Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted?
- host infected when tick engorges
- 48-50 hours post attachment
What are the clinical signs of Borrelia burgdorferi?
- majority do not develop signs
- fever and lymphadenopathy
- shifting leg lameness (polyarthritis)
- renal disease (protein losing glomerulopathy)
- meningitis
How is Leptospirosis transmitted?
- direct: infected urine, venereal and placental transfer, bite wounds or ingestion of infected tissue
- indirect: contaminated water sources, soil, and food
What features are favorable for leptospirosis to remain viable?
- slow moving warm water
- neutral or slighyly alkaline soil pH
- urine with higher pH
- ambient temps of 0-24C
Describe the pathogenesis of Leptospirosis
- incubation 3-7 days
- multiplies rapidly once enters blood
- spreads to kidney, spleen, CNS, eyes, and genital tract
- attaches to endothelial cells (tissue edema and vasculitis)
- attach to renal tubular cells for months
What are the clinical signs of leptospirosis?
- fever
- tachypnea, rapid irregular pulse, vascular collapse
- petechiae, hematemesis, hematochezia, melena, epistaxis
- icterus
- oliguria/anuria
- anorexia, vomiting
How is leptospirosis diagnosed?
- hematology: decreased PLTs, neut, RBCs
- urinalysis
- thoracic rads: nodular opacities
- ab ultrasound
- serology, PCR, culture, renal biopsy
How is leptospirosis treated?
- supportive care
- diuresis
- antibiotics: doxy
What kind of bacteria is Clostridium botulinum?
What does it look like?
- gram positive
- straight to slightly curved motile rods
- anaerobic
What disease is caused by Clostridium botulinum?
- disease is caused by preformed toxin
- LMN disease/paralysis
- prevent presynaptic release of Ach at the NMJ
How is botulism diagnosed?
- signs: no reflexes, megaesophagus
- electromyography
- finding the toxin in samples
How is botulism treated?
- supportive
- antibacterial: metronidazole and penicillin
- prevention by heating foods
What kind of bacteria is clostridium tetani?
- gram positive
- motile
- anaerobic
- spore-producing
Describe the disease pathogenesis caused by clostridium tetani
- neurotoxin: tetanospasmin
- toxin migrates up motor nerves, can enter spinal cord and brain
- toxin inhibits release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
What are the clinical signs of tetanus?
- ears drawn back, sardonic grin, trismus
- salivation, dysphagia, rigid gait
- opisthotonus, convulsions, and respiratory compromise
How is tetanus diagnosed?
- clinical signs
- leukocytosis and neutrophilia
- isolation of bacteria
How is tetanus treated?
- toxin wears off after 3-4 weeks
- supportive care for long time
- antitoxin IM
- antibiotics: metro, pen, tetracyclin
- sedatives for seizures
How is mycoplasma hemocanis transmitted?
through the brown tick
In which infection is a spenectomy required before clinical signs develop?
mycoplasma hemocanis
What kind of bacteria is bartonella?
gram negative
How is bartonellosis diagnosed?
- serology: FA testing
- bacterial isolation: PCR, culture
Describe the pathophysiology of rickettsial diseases
- enter blood and replicate in endothelial cells, causing vascular damage/permeability
- vasculitis leads to decreased platelets and albumin
What are the clinical signs of rickettsial diseases?
petechiation, bleeding, and lameness
Describe the pathogenesis of ehrlichia canis and chaffeensis infection
- infects mononuclear cells in phagocytic tissue
- infected cells move through blood to other organs
- infected cells stick to vascular endothelium causing vasculitis
What are the clinical signs of ehrlichia equi or ewingii infection?
What cells does it infect?
- lameness, fever, joint swelling, and pain
- infected neutrophils
What cells are infected by anaplasma platys?
What are the clinical signs?
- platelets
- non-clinical
- thrombocytopenia
What bacteria is responsible for rocky mountain spotted fever?
How is it transmitted?
- Rickettsia rickettsia
- vector: Dermacentor variabilis
How are rickettsial diseases diagnosed?
- blood smear/cytology
- serology
- PCR
- hematology, biochem, urinalysis
What are the minimum database results of rickettsial infection?
hem: thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, anemia
chem: hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia
UA: proteinuria
How are rickettsial diseases treated?
doxycycline
How is salmon poisoning transmitted?
What is the bacteria?
- ingestion of fish with fluke containing the bacteria
- neorickettsia helmintheca
What are the clinical signs of salmon poisoning?
- fever, ocular discharge with periorbital edema, vomiting and diarrhea, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, spenomegaly
