trace/toxic elements, vitamins and nutrition Flashcards
define atomic emission spectroscopy
quantification of element by measuring intensity of emitted radiation (light) from aerosolized sample
define atomic adsorption spectroscopy
determination of element quantity through absorption of optical radiation by free atoms in gas phase
list typical light sources used in AAS
hallow cathode lamps (HCLs) and electrodeless discharge maps (EDLs)
which elements are measured by flame AAS (FAAS)
copper, iron and Zinc
list elements commonly measured in graphite tubes (flameless AAS)
- GFAAS
selenium, cadmium and lead
describe aluminum
- ingestion, inhalation and skin
- bound to transferrin
- urine excretion
- interferese with enzymes
describe arsenic
- metallic and non metallic
- food exposure (oysters)
- ingestion and inhalation
- organic cleared rapidly, inorgaic/methylated more toxic
describe cadmium
- ingestion and inhalation (more inhalation) but cadmium rice
- urine excretion
- no role in physiology
- used in pesticides
describe chromium
- ingestion, inhalation, and dermal
- 6+ easier to absorb but more toxic than 3+
- transported by albumin and transferrin
- 3+ is essential for insulin
- 6+ is oxidizing agent and toxic
describe copper
- cofactor for reduction of iron in heme
- 10% of total body copper in hepatic
- ingestion inhalation and dermal
- albumin bound
- bile excretion
- metalloenzyme
- wilsons disease
describe iron testing
- TIBC: all iron that could be bound (transferrin *1.18)
- percent saturation/transferrin saturation: TIBC to serum iron
- feritin: proportional to iron stores
describe lead
- ingestion and inhalation
- absorbed mostly by RBC
- urine excretion
describe manganese
- ingestion
- fat and bone found
- bile excretion
- important for metalloenzymes and enzyme activation
describe mercury
- 0, 1, 2, states
- inhalation most common
- kidney storage
- no role in body
describe molybdenum
- ingestion
- bound to alpha2-macroglobulin and RBC membrane
- urine excretion
- cofactor
describe selenium
- ingestion
- urine excretion
- antioxidant for thyroid hormone synthesis
describe zinc
- ingestion
- in muscle and bone (RBC in blood)
- fecal excretion
- enzyme activity, DNA/RNA, membrane structure and copper counteraction
define vitamin deficiencyy
due to inadequate diet, GI absorption or competing organisms
describe vitamin insufficiecny
increased metabolism requires intake and absorption at higher than normal levels
lsit water solub,e vitamins
Bs , Cs and folic
list fat soluble vitamins and describe characteristics
A (retinol), D, E and K
- dissolve in fat before absorbed into blood
- carried by LDL-vitamin E
- intestine storage
describe vitamin B7 (biotin)
coenzyme for carboxyl unit
- hair loss, anorexia and depression
describe vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
hematopoiesis
- megaloblastic anemia, increased homocystene
describe vitamin folate (folic acid)
coenzyme for one carbon transfer rxns
- megaloblastic anemias, increased homocystein
describe vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- hydrogen transfer, redox, amino acid metabolism
- scurvy, petechiae
describe vitamin D
calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- rickets and osteomalacia
name the major site of vitamin absorption in the body
small intestine
- large intestine for B12 and K metabolism
describe 2 pathologies dependent on folate levels
- neural tube defects in infants
- increased levels of atherosclerosis due to homocysteine turnover
describe marasmus
low protein and calories (general wasting)
- normal serum albumin
describe kwashiorkor
low protein, normal calories
- low serum albumin
list outcomes of malnutriton
- increased mortality and morbidity
- impaired wound healing
- increased rate of infection
- increased length of hospital stay
list most useful laboratory assessment tool of malnutrition
selected protein markers (transferrin, pre albumin and retinol binding protein)
- hematology assays
- immunology
- non protein chemistry (B12/folate, A, D)
describe transthyretin (prealbumin) as protein marker for nutritional status
transports thyroxine (T4) and retinol
what test is used in conjunction with protein markers for nutrional status
transthyretin and CRP
- low transthyretin and normal CRP: protein malnutrition
- CRP inc and low transthyretin: false decrease
- CRP low and increase transthyretin: improving nutrition
when is parenteral nutrion required
body wieght decreased more than 5% and illness present longer than 7 days
- also when GI is not functioning
what health effects are related to aluminum
encephalopathy, anemia, bone disease and progressive dementia
what health effects are related to arsenic
acute and chronic states and fatal at low doses
- poison
what are the health effects of cadmium
affects liver, bone, immune system, blood
