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Clinical Chem 2 > trace/toxic elements, vitamins and nutrition > Flashcards

trace/toxic elements, vitamins and nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

define atomic emission spectroscopy

A

quantification of element by measuring intensity of emitted radiation (light) from aerosolized sample

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2
Q

define atomic adsorption spectroscopy

A

determination of element quantity through absorption of optical radiation by free atoms in gas phase

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3
Q

list typical light sources used in AAS

A

hallow cathode lamps (HCLs) and electrodeless discharge maps (EDLs)

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4
Q

which elements are measured by flame AAS (FAAS)

A

copper, iron and Zinc

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5
Q

list elements commonly measured in graphite tubes (flameless AAS)
- GFAAS

A

selenium, cadmium and lead

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6
Q

describe aluminum

A
  • ingestion, inhalation and skin
  • bound to transferrin
  • urine excretion
  • interferese with enzymes
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7
Q

describe arsenic

A
  • metallic and non metallic
  • food exposure (oysters)
  • ingestion and inhalation
  • organic cleared rapidly, inorgaic/methylated more toxic
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8
Q

describe cadmium

A
  • ingestion and inhalation (more inhalation) but cadmium rice
  • urine excretion
  • no role in physiology
  • used in pesticides
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9
Q

describe chromium

A
  • ingestion, inhalation, and dermal
  • 6+ easier to absorb but more toxic than 3+
  • transported by albumin and transferrin
  • 3+ is essential for insulin
  • 6+ is oxidizing agent and toxic
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10
Q

describe copper

A
  • cofactor for reduction of iron in heme
  • 10% of total body copper in hepatic
  • ingestion inhalation and dermal
  • albumin bound
  • bile excretion
  • metalloenzyme
  • wilsons disease
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11
Q

describe iron testing

A
  • TIBC: all iron that could be bound (transferrin *1.18)
  • percent saturation/transferrin saturation: TIBC to serum iron
  • feritin: proportional to iron stores
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12
Q

describe lead

A
  • ingestion and inhalation
  • absorbed mostly by RBC
  • urine excretion
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13
Q

describe manganese

A
  • ingestion
  • fat and bone found
  • bile excretion
  • important for metalloenzymes and enzyme activation
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14
Q

describe mercury

A
  • 0, 1, 2, states
  • inhalation most common
  • kidney storage
  • no role in body
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15
Q

describe molybdenum

A
  • ingestion
  • bound to alpha2-macroglobulin and RBC membrane
  • urine excretion
  • cofactor
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16
Q

describe selenium

A
  • ingestion
  • urine excretion
  • antioxidant for thyroid hormone synthesis
17
Q

describe zinc

A
  • ingestion
  • in muscle and bone (RBC in blood)
  • fecal excretion
  • enzyme activity, DNA/RNA, membrane structure and copper counteraction
18
Q

define vitamin deficiencyy

A

due to inadequate diet, GI absorption or competing organisms

19
Q

describe vitamin insufficiecny

A

increased metabolism requires intake and absorption at higher than normal levels

20
Q

lsit water solub,e vitamins

A

Bs , Cs and folic

21
Q

list fat soluble vitamins and describe characteristics

A

A (retinol), D, E and K
- dissolve in fat before absorbed into blood
- carried by LDL-vitamin E
- intestine storage

22
Q

describe vitamin B7 (biotin)

A

coenzyme for carboxyl unit
- hair loss, anorexia and depression

23
Q

describe vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

A

hematopoiesis
- megaloblastic anemia, increased homocystene

24
Q

describe vitamin folate (folic acid)

A

coenzyme for one carbon transfer rxns
- megaloblastic anemias, increased homocystein

25
Q

describe vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A
  • hydrogen transfer, redox, amino acid metabolism
  • scurvy, petechiae
26
Q

describe vitamin D

A

calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- rickets and osteomalacia

27
Q

name the major site of vitamin absorption in the body

A

small intestine
- large intestine for B12 and K metabolism

28
Q

describe 2 pathologies dependent on folate levels

A
  • neural tube defects in infants
  • increased levels of atherosclerosis due to homocysteine turnover
29
Q

describe marasmus

A

low protein and calories (general wasting)
- normal serum albumin

30
Q

describe kwashiorkor

A

low protein, normal calories
- low serum albumin

31
Q

list outcomes of malnutriton

A
  • increased mortality and morbidity
  • impaired wound healing
  • increased rate of infection
  • increased length of hospital stay
32
Q

list most useful laboratory assessment tool of malnutrition

A

selected protein markers (transferrin, pre albumin and retinol binding protein)
- hematology assays
- immunology
- non protein chemistry (B12/folate, A, D)

33
Q

describe transthyretin (prealbumin) as protein marker for nutritional status

A

transports thyroxine (T4) and retinol

34
Q

what test is used in conjunction with protein markers for nutrional status

A

transthyretin and CRP
- low transthyretin and normal CRP: protein malnutrition
- CRP inc and low transthyretin: false decrease
- CRP low and increase transthyretin: improving nutrition

35
Q

when is parenteral nutrion required

A

body wieght decreased more than 5% and illness present longer than 7 days
- also when GI is not functioning

36
Q

what health effects are related to aluminum

A

encephalopathy, anemia, bone disease and progressive dementia

37
Q

what health effects are related to arsenic

A

acute and chronic states and fatal at low doses
- poison

38
Q

what are the health effects of cadmium

A

affects liver, bone, immune system, blood

Clinical Chem 2 (25 decks)

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