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Systemics- GI > Toxins > Flashcards

Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

What does cocklebur toxicity affect? Most toxic part?

A

Pigs; seeds/cotyledon

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2
Q

Toxic principle of cocklebur?

A

Carboxyatractyloside inhibits ATP synthesis

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3
Q

What does gossypol toxicity affect? Why?

A

Monogastrics (horses pigs); ruminants detoxify in rumen

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4
Q

Toxic principle of gossypol?

A

Inhibits Glutathione-S-transferase (can’t metabolize things)

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5
Q

Other key histo with gossypol?

A

Skeletal and myocardial necrosis

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6
Q

What does aflatoxin affect? Who is least susceptible?

A

All species; Sheep/cattle

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7
Q

How does aflatoxin damage liver?

A

P-450 dependent metabolism- cytotoxic and mutagenic

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8
Q

What associated lesion is aflatoxin associated with?

A

Cholangiocarcinomas, hepatomas, hepatic carcinomas

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9
Q

Toxic principle of aflatoxin

A

Aflatoxin B1 most toxic, produced by Aspergillus flavus

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10
Q

Key histo with aflatoxin

A

Megalocytes, biliary hyperplasia, fibrosis, nodular regeneration

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11
Q

Where do you find pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

Senecio, Crotalaria, Heliotropium plants

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12
Q

Toxic principle of pyrrolizidine alkaloids

A

Dehydropyrrolizidine (DHP) alkaloids produced through P-450 enzymes, bind proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids

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13
Q

Most common appearance of pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity?

A

Phasic or chronic, vs. acute

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14
Q

Key histo with pyrrolizidine?

A

Fibrosis, megalocytosis, fuctular reaction, nodular regeneration

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15
Q

What breed gets copper toxicosis? Cause?

A

Bedlington terriers; COMMD1 mutation

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16
Q

Other causes of copper toxicity

A

Altered excretion (in bile), excess intake, low dietary molybdenum and high zinc

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17
Q

Stain for copper

A

Rhodanine, rubeanic acid

18
Q

Key histo for copper toxicity

A

Centrilobular necrosis and inflammation, golden brown copper granules in cytoplasm

19
Q

Toxic principle for copper

A

Cu catalyzes free radical formation

20
Q

What produces phomopsin?

A

Diaporthe toxica fungus, which grows on Lupinus sp.

21
Q

Toxic principle of phomopsin

A

Phomopsin A and B (mycotoxins) inhibit microtubules, which arrests mitosis in metaphase

22
Q

Key histo with phomopsin

A

Numerous mitoses

23
Q

What associated conditions occur with phomopsin toxicity in sheep?

A

Secondary photosensitization

24
Q

Toxic principle of mebendazole?

A

Idiosyncratic drug reaction- acute hepatic failure even at therapeutic doses

25
Q

What kind of toxin is acetaminophen?

A

Intrinsic hepatotoxin (dose-dependent)

26
Q

Toxic principle of acetaminophen

A

Saturates glucuronidation and sulfation detox P450 pathways, so increased formation of NAPQI, which depletes glutathione (GSH)

27
Q

Why are cats more sensitive to acetaminophen?

A

Less glucuronyltransferase, so can’t scavenge metabolites as well

28
Q

Other clinical signs seen in cats with acetaminophen toxicity

A

Methemoglobinemia, Heinz-body formation

29
Q

Target of zinc toxicity

A

Pancreas, but also concentrates in hepatocytes, spleen, renal tubular epithelium

30
Q

Other manifestation of zinc toxicity

A

Heinz body hemolytic anemia

31
Q

Key histo with zinc toxicity

A

Pancreatic degeneration, necrosis, tubular complexes, fibrosis and loss, ISLETS SPARED

32
Q

What does NSAID toxicity look like in horses? Others?

A

Right dorsal colitis; gastric ulceration, thrombosis, fibrinoid vascular necrosis

33
Q

Toxic principle of NSAIDs

A

Decreased COX1 and 2, so decreased PGE2 (mucosal protection), and directly cytotoxic to mucosal/vascular/endothelium

34
Q

Toxic principle of microcystin (blue-green algae)

A

Microcystin LR cyclic heptapeptide inhibits cytoplasmic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, causing necrosis of sinusoidal endothelium

35
Q

What does Lantana toxicity do? In what species?

A

Causes cholestasis in cattle, leading to icterus and photosensitization

36
Q

Toxic principle of Lantana

A

Pentacyclic triterpenes (Lantadene A)

37
Q

Histo seen with Lantana (three different organs)

A

Intrahepatic cholestasis, myocardial necrosis, acute renal tubular injury

38
Q

What produces sporidesmin?

A

Fungus Pithomyces chartarum on ryegrass

39
Q

Toxic principle of sporidesmin

A

Concentrates in bile, causes oxidative injury and biliary epithelial necrosis

40
Q

Which liver lobe is most affected by sporidesmin?

A

Left

41
Q

Key histo with sporidesmin

A

Necrotizing cholangitis, vascular necrosis, bile plugs

42
Q

Key histo with arsenic toxicity

A

Congestion, submucosal edema, hemorrhage, and ulceration of abomasum

Systemics- GI (8 decks)

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