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Systemics- GI > Bacteria and some fungi > Flashcards

Bacteria and some fungi Flashcards

1
Q

General syndromes associated with salmonellosis

A

Enterocolitis
Sepsis
Abortion

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2
Q

Host adapted serotype and species affected

A

S. Dublin-cattle
S. Cholerasuis-swine

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3
Q

What enhances S. Cholerasuis infection?

A

Classical swine fever

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3
Q

Non host adapted serotype and species affected

A

S. Typhimurium - most species

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4
Q

Extent of organism infiltration in localized enterocolitis; how do they disseminate?

A

Mucosa (intracellular in enterocytes) and lymph nodes; in macs or free in lymph

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5
Q

Virulence factor responsible for invasion; location in GI

A

Type III secretion system; ileum

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6
Q

Characteristic feature of salmonella

A

Flagella allow motility

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7
Q

Feature of salmonella that allows for adherence

A

Fimbriae

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8
Q

How does salmonella irreversibly adhere to enterocytes?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

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9
Q

Ultrastructural changes with salmonellosis

A

Large numbers of organisms in the lumen (within Salmonella containing vacuoles), along the surface of the brush border, and in enterocytes
Microvilli degeneration-loss of filamentous cores

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10
Q

Intracellular location of Salmonella; what cells are not infected?

A

Within membrane bound vacuoles in enterocytes, and macrophages in the lamina propria; crypt epithelium

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11
Q

What is the lipopolysaccharide wall composed of in salmonella?

A

O-specific side chain, a core portion, and a lipid A portion (endotoxin)

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12
Q

Cause of diarrhea in salmonella

A

Active electrolyte secretion- Effector proteins from SPI1 (Salmonella pathogenicity island) induce secretory diarrhea by blocking chloride channel closure
Malabsorption due to reduced mucosal surface area
Inflammatory exudation (pseudo membrane)

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13
Q

Cause of enterocyte loss in salmonella

A

Invasion with bacteria and neutrophil recruitment

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14
Q

Common vascular lesion in salmonella

A

Mucosal venule thrombosis due to endotoxin

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15
Q

Salmonella causes what gross lesions in pigs; in cattle? in avian? In snakes?

A

Sepsis or enteritis with button ulcers- cholerasuis
Acute or chronic enterocolitis- typhimurium
Ulcerative enterocolitis- typhisuis
Cattle- fibrinous cholecystitis (S. dublin)
Avian- caseous ceal cores (S. pullorum)
Snakes- osteomyelitis (S. arizonae)

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16
Q

How is s typhimurium different from cholerasuis

A

Lesions are confined to colon, cecum, rectum
No button ulcers
No sepsis
Ulcerative proctitis and rectal stricture
Cyanosis

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17
Q

Horses are predisposed to salmonella if

A

Antibiotic therapy

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18
Q

Most common salmonella serotype in horses; disease caused

A

S. Typhimurium;
Peracute sepsis- foals
Acute and chronic enteric- older horses, cecum and colon, button ulcers

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19
Q

Two most common salmonella serotype in cattle

A

S. Typhimurium and S. Dublin

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20
Q

Emerging salmonella in cattle

A

S. Newport

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21
Q

If an affected cow is less than 1 week, its probably not salmonella, its __________

A

Colibacillosis

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22
Q

Salmonellosis in calves vs adults

A

Calves- febrile, dehydration, diarrhea
Adults- chronic diarrhea and wasting

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23
Q

Which serotype causes abortions and prolonged carrier state in cattle?

A

S. Dublin

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24
In which species is salmonellosis rare, but severe
Sheep
25
Key histo in liver with salmonellosis
Paratyphoid nodules
26
Clostridium perfringens type C is gram ____; Produces what toxins? features of toxins?
Positive; Alpha and beta; beta toxin is trypsin labile (only works in neonates)
27
Key histo for C. perfringens type C
Acute hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis, maybe with pseudomembranes and vasculitis,
28
Clostridium colinum is gram _____; causes what disease? key histo?
Positive; Quail disease; Acute transmural ulcerative enteritis and necrotizing hepatitis
29
Clostridium septicum is gram _____; causes what disease in ruminants? In poultry? Produces what toxin?
Positive; Braxy; Gangrenous dermatitis Alpha toxin (pore forming cytolysin)
30
Clostridium septicum is associated with ______ (season)
Cold weather
31
Clostridium septicum key histo
Abomasal edema, emphysema, necrosis and hemorrhage
32
Fusobacterium necrophorum is gram _____; produces what toxin; key histo?
Negative; leukocidin; necrosis with filamentous bacteria in liver, rumen, larynx (calf diphtheria), pododermatitis, necrotic rhinitis (bullnose)
33
What does fusobacterium cause in NHPs?
Necrotizing stomatitis (Noma)
34
The only gram negative clostridium is ____________. How is it different from other gram negative bacteria?
Clostridium piliforme; no LPS
35
What disease does C. piliforme cause?
Tyzzer's Disease
36
What animal is particularly susceptible to Tyzzer's
Mongolian gerbil, and DBA/2 mouse strain
37
What is the classic lesion in rats with tyzzer's
Megaloileitis
38
What is the classic triad of systems affected by Tyzzer's?
Heart, Liver, Intestines
39
Key histo with Tyzzer's
Multifocal random necrosis Intracellular haystacks in enterocytes and hepatocytes
40
Shigella flexneri/dysenteriae are gram ____________ rods; _______ makes dysentariae most pathogenic
Negative; Shiga toxin
41
What virulence factors does S. flexneri have? Virulence factor of all species?
Cytotoxin Enterotoxin; Type III secretion system
42
What organ in what species is classically affected by Shigella? Key histo?
Large intestine of NHPs; Necrotizing colitis with pseudomembranes over Peyer's patches with crypt herniation
43
Alternative presentation in NHPs without colitis
Oral/gingival necrosis
44
How to differentiate Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from other mycobacteria species? (microbio)
IS900 insertion sequence phenotype
45
Virulence factors for MAP
Lipid rich cell wall Peroxidase Man-LAM receptor M2 macrophage response (multibacillary)
46
Where is MAP usually? Why?
Ileocecal junction; highest concentration of iron
47
Key histo for MAP
Transmural granulomatous enteritis and lymphangitis
48
What does Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex cause?
Avian mycobacteriosis- granulomas in coelom, intestines, liver, spleen
49
Avian mycobacteriosis virulence factors
Mycolic acid cell wall Nramp genes
50
Frequent associated lesion with mycobacterium avium
Amyloidosis
51
Yersinia enterocolitica is a gram _______ bacillus; key feature
Gram negative; colony forming
52
Y enterolitica and pseudotuberculosis both cause
Enteritis and sepsis (can't differentiate)
53
Yersinia virulence factors
Type III Secretion system Yops (mess with actin) Invasion of M cells
54
Chlamydia psittaci is a gram ________ bacteria; key histo
Gram negative; Fibrinous serositis, liver/spleen necrosis and granulomas; inclusion body-like colonies of bacteria
55
Infectious form and replicative form?
Elementary bodies infectious Reticulate bodies metabolically active replicative
56
Enterotoxigenic E.Coli (ETEC) is gram ________; causes what?
Gram negative; neonatal diarrhea
57
ETEC causes disease by ______________; where is it?
Stimulates secretory diarrhea via enterotoxins; in mucus layer covering surface of villi (don't damage enterocytes)
58
Virulence factors of ETEC?
Fimbriae or Pili- attach to enterocytes Enterotoxins, heat labile (LT- cAMP) and heat stable (ST- STa, STb, EAST1)
59
Francisella tularensis is a gram _________; vectors?
Gram negative; tick (dermacentor or amblyomma) and arthropod
60
Francisella key histo
Lytic necrosis of kidney, liver, spleen, LN
61
Enterpathogenic E.Coli (EPEC) causes what? Key histo
Attaching-effacing E.coli; Bacteria on mucosal surface with enterocyte damage (villus atrophy, etc.)
62
EPEC is worse if it produces what? What is it then called?
Shiga toxin aka verotoxin (cytotoxins); STEC or EHEC
63
What three things has STEC been associated with in greyhounds?
Dysentery, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and cutaneous edema/ulceration
64
What causes edema disease in pigs? Classic lesion?
STEC (enterotoxemia); Mesocolonic edema
65
Lawsonia intracellularis is a gram __________, _________ bacteria; stain used; region of GI targeted
Gram negative, curved; Silver stain (warthin-starry); terminal ileum
66
What species (4) are affected by Lawsonia?
Swine, hamsters, ferrets, horse
67
Three forms of Lawsonia in pigs
Porcine proliferative enteropathy (post-weaning) Necrotic enteritis Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (young adults)
68
Which species gets hypoproteinemia with Lawsonia? What other form of disease do they get?
Horse; Phlegmonous gastritis (confined to submucosa)
69
Classic gross lesion with Lawsonia (although can look different)
Cerebriform thickening
70
Key histo with Lawsonia
Bacteria in apical cytoplasm, crypt epithelial proliferation (adenomatosis), loss of goblet cells
71
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae causes what disease? Is a gram ___________ ___________; stain used
Swine dysentery; gram negative spirochete; Warthin starry
72
Region of GI affected by brachyspira; What is chemotactic for brachyspira?
Colon/cecum; mucin
73
What is associated with swine dysentery?
Increased MUC2 and MUC5AC Decreased MUC4 and TGF beta
74
Key histo with brachyspira? How is this different from Lawsonia?
Mucohemorrhagic colitis; goblet cell hyperplasia instead of loss
75
Helicobacter mustelae is a gram ______ ____________; Stain?
Gram negative curved, spiral bacillus; Warthin starry
76
What is helicobacter associated with in mice?
Typhlocolitis; A strain mice- hepatocellular tumors
77
What is helicobacter associated with in ferrets?
Gastritis; Gastric adenocarcinoma
78
What organism causes bacillary hemoglobinuria? What parasite is it associated with?
Clostridium haemolyticum; Fasciola hepatica migration
79
Clostridium haemolyticum is a gram __________; virulence factor
Gram positive; hemolytic beta toxin (phospholipase C) destroys cell membranes of hepatocytes and erythrocytes
80
Key histo with Clostridium haemolyticum
Large, well demarcated hepatic necrosis surrounded by hyperemic zone with single or chains of bacilli at margins
81
What causes mycotic rumenitis?
Mucoromycetes (mucor, rhizopus, absidia)
82
Key histo with mycotic rumenitis?
Angioinvasion, necrotizing vasculitis, infarction, thrombosis Pauciseptate, thin-walled, non-parallel, non-dichotomous branching hyphae with bulbous dilations
83
Prototheca are _________________
Unicellular endosporulating alga
84
What does prototheca cause in cows? Dogs? Cats?
Cows- mastitis Dogs- GI or disseminated Cats- Cutaneous
85
Predisposed breeds for prototheca
Boxer and collies
86
Key histo for prototheca
Sporangia with internal septations and endospores; hemorrhagic ulcerative enterocolitis
87
Pythium is an ___________
Oomycete (no chitin in cell wall)
88
What does pythium cause in dogs? Horses?
Dog- GI disease Horse- cutaneous disease (Kunkers)
89
Key histo with pythium
Poorly staining, poorly septate hyphae with non-parallel cell walls; eosinophilic and granulomatous inflammation
90
Candida albicans is a ____________; causes ___________; targets what?
Dimorphic fungus; causes thrush; targets keratinized epithelium
91
Key histo with candida
Yeast, hyphae, AND pseudohyphae in fibrinonecrotic membranes
92
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster is a __________; associated with what?
Rod-shaped yeast; Proventricular adenocarcinoma in budgies
93
Macrorhabdus key histo
Rod-shaped, matchstick arrangement

Systemics- GI (8 decks)

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