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AMLS > Toxicology, Hazardous Material, and WMD > Flashcards

Toxicology, Hazardous Material, and WMD Flashcards

1
Q

________________ has surpassed MVC’s as the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the US.

A

poisoning

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2
Q

The syndrome-like symptoms of a class or group of similar poisoning agents are termed _____________.

A

toxidromes

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3
Q

______________ will attempt to dispose of a toxin by quickly swallowing the substance to avoid the discovery of the substance by law enforcement.

A

Stuffers

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4
Q

______________ refers to the presence of a poison or toxin in the body, with no specific implication of altered consciousness, but it is often used to describe patients who have an impaired or depressed mental state.

A

intoxication

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5
Q

_____________ is the active compound in khat leaves, which are commonly chewed up by people in Eastern Africa for their stimulant effects.

A

Cathinone

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6
Q

_______ are people who smuggle large amounts of drugs by ingesting them, require admission to the ICU when they are identified.

A

Packers

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7
Q

_______________ is the most predictive of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with amphetamine overdose.

A

hyperthermia

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8
Q

In the US, ___________ is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality from poisoning.

A

carbon monoxide

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9
Q

Compounds such as nitrites and nitrates, which can oxidize the iron in hemoglobin, cause the condition known as ____________.

A

methemoglobinemia

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10
Q

________________ were first developed as nerve agents in Germany prior to WW2, so they were designed as agents of chemical warfare first and adapted for agricultural use as pesticides only later.

A

Organophosphates

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11
Q

Organophosphates and carbamates overstimulate the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system by interfering with degradation of the neurotransmitter ________________.

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

_________________ provides guidelines for the development of an compliance with safety protocols and procedures for governmental and nongovernmental personnel who make store, dispose of, or first responders to cleanup of hazardous materials.

A

HAZWOPER

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13
Q

A _________ is a diamond-shaped sign affixed to a transport vehicle.

A

placard

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14
Q

The _________ publishes the North American Emergency Response Guidebook

A

DOT

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15
Q

The ______ zone is where the hazardous material is located and contamination has occurred.

A

Hot

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16
Q

The _______ zone is usually the area surrounding the contaminated hot zone.

A

warm

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17
Q

The _______ zone is the support zone for general triage, stabilization, and management of illness or injuries.

A

cold

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18
Q

The final safety component in managing hazardous material incidents is the ________________ process.

A

Decontamination

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19
Q

The oral or dermal exposure dose that kills 50% of the exposed animal population in two weeks time.

A

LD50

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20
Q

The air concentration of a substance that kills 50% of the exposed animal population.

A

LC50

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21
Q

The _____________ must be notified of all suspected terrorist attacks.

A

Department of Homeland Security

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22
Q

__________________ is the bacterial agent that causes botulism.

A

Clostridium botulinum

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23
Q

________ is the bacterium that causes plague

A

Yersinia Pestsis

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24
Q

___________ occurs when a person is bitten by a flea or infected by a rodent.

A

Bubonic Plague

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25
Q

_________ is a cytotoxic protein derived from the bean of the castor plant.

A

Ricin

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26
Q

____________ radiation refers to radiation whose energy is sufficient to strip electrons from atoms or molecules.

A

Ionizing

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27
Q

Absorbed ionizing radiation is expressed in units called _________.

A

rads

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28
Q

________ particles generally do not pass through the skin.

A

Alpha

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29
Q

________ particles (electrons) are smaller and faster than alpha particles and thus can travel farther, penetrating tissue to a depth of about 8 cm.

A

Beta

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30
Q

___________ are photons emitted from the nucleus of the atom.

A

gamma rays

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31
Q

A ___________ easily penetrates surfaces and can cause significant damage to body systems.

A

Neutrons

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32
Q

Cyanide toxicity requires administration of a cyanide antidote like __________________.

A

hydroxocobalamin

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33
Q

_________, a state of unconsciousness or deep sedation from which the patient cannot be aroused by any external stimulus.

A

Coma

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34
Q

_______________ is associated with worsening metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyalysis and occasionally respiratory compromise and death.

A

Physical restraint

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35
Q

A variety of plant and drug toxicities and chemical exposures can cause ________________.

A

bradycardia

36
Q

Inhaled halogenated hydrocarbons enhance myocardial sensitivity to ___________________ and can provoke sudden sniffing death syndrome.

A

catecholamines

37
Q

Norepinephrine and phenylephrine are the agents of choice for the treatment of toxin-induced _____________.

A

hypotension

38
Q

An increase in the depth of breathing is called _____________.

A

hyperpnea

39
Q

___________________ a Vitamin B12 precursor, was approved for the treatment of cyanide toxicity.

A

Hydroxocobalamin

40
Q

_________________-related liver injury is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the US.

A

Acetaminophen

41
Q

_____________ are frequently prescribed for the treatment of hypertension, CAD, and CHF.

A

Beta-Blockers

42
Q

___________ is an agent used to treat bipolar disorder, also known as manic depressive illness.

A

Lithium

43
Q

_______________ was used extensively to treat seizure disorders before the advent of newer anti-convulsants.

A

Phenobarbitol

44
Q

Withdrawal from long-acting _________ is uncommon because of their long half-life.

A

barbituates

45
Q

A _____________ is a bolus of heroin and cocaine injected IV.

A

speedball

46
Q

The lethal dose of cocaine in the average adult is ______ mg.

A

1200

47
Q

Because of the wide availability and classification as a food, _______________ causes more toxicologic emergencies than any other kind of alcohol.

A

ethanol

48
Q

______________ a cofactor needed to process ethanol, may be indicated after heavy alcohol use.

A

Thiamine

49
Q

The most common hallucinogen is ______ which was originally developed as a general anesthetic and later used as a veterinary tranquilizer.

A

PCP

50
Q

___________ one of the toxic alcohols, is found in automotive antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, and de-icers.

A

Ethylene Glycol

51
Q

Isopropanol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and metabolized into ______________.

A

acetone

52
Q

In high concentrations, ______________ is considered a knockdown agent, meaning it causes rapid toxicity and loss of consciousness.

A

carbon monoxide

53
Q

Patients who are habitual cigarette smokers can have CO levels as high as _____%.

A

10

54
Q

Acids tend to produce necrosis by denaturing proteins, forming an eschar that limits penetration of the acid, called __________________.

A

coagulation necrosis

55
Q

Bases tend to produce _____________ necrosis.

A

liquefaction

56
Q

A hallmark of caustic exposure to the skin is called ________________.

A

saponification

57
Q

The antidote to nitrate and nitrite poisoning is ________________.

A

methylene blue

58
Q

______________________ is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into acetate and choline after impulse conduction

A

Acetylcholinesterase

59
Q

Jellyfish, fire coral, and sea anemone inject toxin with stinging cells called ___________.

A

nematocysts

60
Q

In the US, nearly all snake envenomations can be attributed to the ______________ family of snakes; the pit viper

A

Crotalidae

61
Q

All venom from spinous creatures is _______________, which means that it is neutralized by heat.

A

heat labile

62
Q

______________ is a cardiac glycoside heart medication derived from the fox glove plant.

A

Digitalis

63
Q

An acute mental disorder characterized by confusion, disorientation, restlessness, cording of consciousness, incoherence, fear, anxiety, excitement, and often illusions.

A

Delirium

64
Q

_______________ is a yellow-green gas that has a slight odor some describe as smelling like a combination of pepper and pineapple.

A

Chlorine

65
Q

_______________ appears in gaseous form as a gray-white cloud with the vague odor of freshly baled hay.

A

Phosgene

66
Q

______________ is a colorless gas commonly found in agricultural settings where it is used as fertilizer.

A

Anhydrous ammonia

67
Q

The most toxic agents in chemical warfare are _______________.

A

nerve agents

68
Q

On jellyfish stings, do not use fresh water, because the difference in ________________ causes embedded nematocysts to fire.

A

osmolarity

69
Q

The venom of a brown recluse is a pernicious cocktail of at least ______ peptides that possess a variety of cytotoxic properties.

A

11

70
Q

The antidotes for organophosphate poisoning are atropine and _____________________.

A

pralidoxime

71
Q

Elemental forms of lithium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium react with water to form ____________.

A

alkalis

72
Q

_______________ is a colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of organic fuels.

A

Carbon Monoxide

73
Q

Methanol initially causes inebriation, but to a lesser degree than the other alcohols due to its smaller ________________ .

A

molecular weight

74
Q

Either ethanol or __________________ can be administered as an antidote for ethylene glycol.

A

Fomepizole

75
Q

________________ should be avoided if possible in patients with cocaine intoxication because its cardiovascular effects are similar to those of cocaine,

A

Epinephrine

76
Q

_______________ is derived from the coca plant, which is native to South America.

A

Cocaine

77
Q

CNS depression, pinpoint pupils, and respiratory depression - the so called ____________ triad - are classic signs

A

opiod

78
Q

__________________ have a narrow therapeutic index and are responsible for the highest risk or morbidity and mortality of all sedative-hypnotic agents.

A

BArbituates

79
Q

_______________ abuse results in sympathomimetic toxicity.

A

Amphetamine

80
Q

_____________________ have historically been a leading cause of toxicologic emergencies, especially intentional overdoses.

A

Cyclic Antidepressants

81
Q

__________________ is often referred to as the antidote for beta-adrenergic antagonist toxicity.

A

Glucagon

82
Q

Although acetaminophen is safe at therapeutic levels, overdose ingestions carry significant risk. The primary threat is ________________.

A

hepatotoxicity

83
Q

_________________ allows reduction of ferric iron and consequent restoration of tissue-delivery capability.

A

Methylene Blue

84
Q

One vital sign often overlooked or inaccurately recorded is ________________.

A

respiratory rate

85
Q

Although often overlooked, particularly in the prehospital setting, obtaining an accurate _______________________ is crucial in managing toxicologic emergencies.

A

body temperature

86
Q

_______________ is a dissociative anesthetic that quickly and safely calls agitated patients, especially those experiencing agitated delirium.

A

Ketamine

87
Q

_____________ is a u-opiod receptor antagonist that reverses the effects of opioids.

A

Naloxone

AMLS (12 decks)

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