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AMLS > Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders > Flashcards

Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ are organs that manufacture and secrete chemical substances.

A

Glands

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2
Q

_________________ glands secrete chemicals to the outer surface of the body.

A

Exocrine

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3
Q

__________ glands secrete chemical hormones into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

The ________________ contains several control centers for body functions and emotions.

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

The terms “free T” refer to thyroid hormones that are in circulation but not _____________.

A

protein bound

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6
Q

Parafollicular cells, which are less numerous than follicular cells, are responsible for secreting _________________ hormone, which controls calcium metabolism.

A

calcitonin

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7
Q

When you check the patient’s vital signs, look for the combination of hypertension and bradycardia, which suggests increased _____________________.

A

intercranial pressure

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8
Q

To obtain a positive ____________, place a blood pressure cuff around the arm, inflate it to 30 mmHg above systolic, and hold it in place for 3 minutes.

A

Trousseau’s Sign

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9
Q

You can elicit a positive _______________ by tapping the facial nerve against the mandibular bone just anterior to the ear, which produces a spasm of the facial muscles.

A

Chovstek’s Sign

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10
Q

In patients with hypocalcemia, the QT interval is ________________.

A

prolonged

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11
Q

Graves’ Disease, also known _______________ is the most common form of hyperthyroidism.

A

diffuse toxic goiter

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12
Q

______________ is an endocrine dysfunction characterized by absent or decreased secretion of thyroid hormones.

A

Hypothyroidism

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13
Q

When hypothyroidism becomes chronic and extreme, it may evolve into a life-threatening condition called _______________.

A

myxedema coma

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14
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency, known as _________________, is a metabolic and endocrine ailment caused by a direct insult to, or malfunction of the adrenal cortex.

A

Addison’s Disease

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15
Q

____________________ is responsible for keeping serum levels of sodium and potassium in balance.

A

Aldosterone

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16
Q

_________________________________ is a condition in which the body’s need for glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids exceeds the delivery of these hormones by the adrenal glands.

A

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency

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17
Q

When adrenal insufficiency is accompanied by hypotension, the condition is called ____________ and constitutes a true life-threatening emergency.

A

adrenal crisis

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18
Q

Hyperadrenalism, or ____________, os the clinical condition caused by long-standing exposure to excessive circulating serum levels of glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol.

A

Cushing’s Disease

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19
Q

____________ diabetes is characterized by being unable to produce any insulin due to pancreatic B-cell destruction.

A

Type 1

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20
Q

_____ diabetes is characterized by progressive cellular insulin resistance and a gradual failure of pancreatic B-cell insulin production.

A

Type 2

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21
Q

Th classical clinical manifestations of diabetes is referred to as the 3 P’s:

A

polydipsia

ployuria

polyphagia

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22
Q

Hypoglycemia in patients who have no history of diabetes is called fasting or ____________ hypoglycemia.

A

postprandial

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23
Q

___________ is an acute endocrine emergency in which insulin deficiency and an excessive glucagon level combine to create a hyperglycemic, acidotic, volume depleted state.

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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24
Q

Hyperglycemia pulls fluid into the extracellular space, triggering ____________, which in turn causes hypotension and volume deficit.

A

osmotic diuresis

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25
Q

The body requires delicate balance, or _____________ to function optimally.

A

homeostasis

26
Q

A pH below 7.35 constitutes ___________.

A

acidosis

27
Q

A pH level above 7.45 constitutes _________.

A

alkalosis

28
Q

_________________ is one of the most common acid base problems encountered in the prehospital setting.

A

Respiratory Acidosis

29
Q

____________ is caused by deficiency of bicarbonate ion and an excess of hydrogen ion.

A

Metabolic acidosis

30
Q

An anion gap of _______ is considered normal.

A

12-15

31
Q

_____________ is the most important electrolyte in maintaining water balance in the body.

A

Sodium

32
Q

_____________ is defined as a serum sodium concentration below 135 meg/L

A

hyponatremia

33
Q

Athletic events such as marathons and triathlons can precipitate __________________ hyponatremia.

A

exercise induced

34
Q

Signs of ____________ apparent on a 12-Lead ECG include flattened t-waves, U waves, and ST segment depression

A

hypokalemia

35
Q

Overly rapid infusion of IV ______________ can result in cardiac arrest.

A

potassium

36
Q

________________ is the second most abundant intracellular bivalent cation in the humanbody.

A

MAgnesium

37
Q

______________ is a breakdown of muscle tissue that causes myoglobin to be released into the bloodstream, causing kidney damage.

A

Rhabdomyalysis

38
Q

The ___________________ system regulates the metabolic processes of the body

A

endocrine

39
Q

The _________________ is often referred to as the “master gland” because its secretions orchestrate the activity of other endocrine glands

A

pituitary glad

40
Q

The _________________. which is locate directly on top of the pituitary gland, is part of the brain responsible for monitoring body conditions and maintaining homeostasis.

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

____________________- liberates calcium from bone to increase calcium levels.

A

Parathyroid Hormone

42
Q

______________ is a vital fuel for key metabolic processes in organs, especially those controlled by the CNS.

A

glucose

43
Q

A patient who is experiencing an endocrine emergency will often be in __________________.

A

serious distress

44
Q

____________________ is a rare condition characterized by low serum levels of PTH or resistance to its actions.

A

Hypoparathyroidim

45
Q

Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland, or ___________________ is a common ailment that results in a hyper metabolic state called thyrotoxicosis.

A

hyperthyroidism

46
Q

_________________, a frequent complication of diabetes, is the most common endocrine emergency.

A

Hypoglycemia

47
Q

________________ is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes and is triggered by the same stressors that cause DKA.

A

HHNK

48
Q

The ______________ is the slowest mechanism to react to pH changes, taking hours to days to achieve its buffering effect, but it is the longest lasting.

A

renal system

49
Q

_____________ are the chemicals that combine with an acid or base to resist changes in pH.

A

buffers

50
Q

A healthy _______________ balance is fundamental to carrying out cellular functions.

A

electrolyte

51
Q

______________________ occurs when an excessive amount of water is retained relative to the amount of sodium.

A

hypervolemic hyponatremia

52
Q

_____________ is caused by the loss of water and sodium, with a higher degree of sodium loss relative to the amount of water loss.

A

hypovolemic hyponatremia

53
Q

A common complaint of IV __________________ is burning at the IV site.

A

potassium

54
Q

__________________ is one of the most common electrolyte disturbances you will see in clinical practice.

A

Hypomagnesmia

55
Q

________________, one of the main proteins found in skeletal muscle cells, travels to the kidneys and causes injury and even renal failure.

A

Myoglobin

56
Q

Insulin, which is secreted by the pancreatic _________ cells, is essential for efficient cellular glucose.

A

islet

57
Q

Patients with __________ syndrome have a distinct appearance characterized by obesity, a moon face and other cardinal features.

A

Cushing’s

58
Q

The respiratory system reaches its maximum compensatory response in ___________ hours.

A

12 - 24

59
Q

________________ is characterized by a decline in pH as a result of CO2 retention.

A

Respiratory acidosis

60
Q

Once the body begins to retain bicarbonate, it has made the transition to ____________ status.

A

chronic

AMLS (12 decks)

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