Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Flashcards
_____________ are organs that manufacture and secrete chemical substances.
Glands
_________________ glands secrete chemicals to the outer surface of the body.
Exocrine
__________ glands secrete chemical hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine
The ________________ contains several control centers for body functions and emotions.
hypothalamus
The terms “free T” refer to thyroid hormones that are in circulation but not _____________.
protein bound
Parafollicular cells, which are less numerous than follicular cells, are responsible for secreting _________________ hormone, which controls calcium metabolism.
calcitonin
When you check the patient’s vital signs, look for the combination of hypertension and bradycardia, which suggests increased _____________________.
intercranial pressure
To obtain a positive ____________, place a blood pressure cuff around the arm, inflate it to 30 mmHg above systolic, and hold it in place for 3 minutes.
Trousseau’s Sign
You can elicit a positive _______________ by tapping the facial nerve against the mandibular bone just anterior to the ear, which produces a spasm of the facial muscles.
Chovstek’s Sign
In patients with hypocalcemia, the QT interval is ________________.
prolonged
Graves’ Disease, also known _______________ is the most common form of hyperthyroidism.
diffuse toxic goiter
______________ is an endocrine dysfunction characterized by absent or decreased secretion of thyroid hormones.
Hypothyroidism
When hypothyroidism becomes chronic and extreme, it may evolve into a life-threatening condition called _______________.
myxedema coma
Primary adrenal insufficiency, known as _________________, is a metabolic and endocrine ailment caused by a direct insult to, or malfunction of the adrenal cortex.
Addison’s Disease
____________________ is responsible for keeping serum levels of sodium and potassium in balance.
Aldosterone
_________________________________ is a condition in which the body’s need for glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids exceeds the delivery of these hormones by the adrenal glands.
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
When adrenal insufficiency is accompanied by hypotension, the condition is called ____________ and constitutes a true life-threatening emergency.
adrenal crisis
Hyperadrenalism, or ____________, os the clinical condition caused by long-standing exposure to excessive circulating serum levels of glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol.
Cushing’s Disease
____________ diabetes is characterized by being unable to produce any insulin due to pancreatic B-cell destruction.
Type 1
_____ diabetes is characterized by progressive cellular insulin resistance and a gradual failure of pancreatic B-cell insulin production.
Type 2
Th classical clinical manifestations of diabetes is referred to as the 3 P’s:
polydipsia
ployuria
polyphagia
Hypoglycemia in patients who have no history of diabetes is called fasting or ____________ hypoglycemia.
postprandial
___________ is an acute endocrine emergency in which insulin deficiency and an excessive glucagon level combine to create a hyperglycemic, acidotic, volume depleted state.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemia pulls fluid into the extracellular space, triggering ____________, which in turn causes hypotension and volume deficit.
osmotic diuresis
The body requires delicate balance, or _____________ to function optimally.
homeostasis
A pH below 7.35 constitutes ___________.
acidosis
A pH level above 7.45 constitutes _________.
alkalosis
_________________ is one of the most common acid base problems encountered in the prehospital setting.
Respiratory Acidosis
____________ is caused by deficiency of bicarbonate ion and an excess of hydrogen ion.
Metabolic acidosis
An anion gap of _______ is considered normal.
12-15
_____________ is the most important electrolyte in maintaining water balance in the body.
Sodium
_____________ is defined as a serum sodium concentration below 135 meg/L
hyponatremia
Athletic events such as marathons and triathlons can precipitate __________________ hyponatremia.
exercise induced
Signs of ____________ apparent on a 12-Lead ECG include flattened t-waves, U waves, and ST segment depression
hypokalemia
Overly rapid infusion of IV ______________ can result in cardiac arrest.
potassium
________________ is the second most abundant intracellular bivalent cation in the humanbody.
MAgnesium
______________ is a breakdown of muscle tissue that causes myoglobin to be released into the bloodstream, causing kidney damage.
Rhabdomyalysis
The ___________________ system regulates the metabolic processes of the body
endocrine
The _________________ is often referred to as the “master gland” because its secretions orchestrate the activity of other endocrine glands
pituitary glad
The _________________. which is locate directly on top of the pituitary gland, is part of the brain responsible for monitoring body conditions and maintaining homeostasis.
hypothalamus
____________________- liberates calcium from bone to increase calcium levels.
Parathyroid Hormone
______________ is a vital fuel for key metabolic processes in organs, especially those controlled by the CNS.
glucose
A patient who is experiencing an endocrine emergency will often be in __________________.
serious distress
____________________ is a rare condition characterized by low serum levels of PTH or resistance to its actions.
Hypoparathyroidim
Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland, or ___________________ is a common ailment that results in a hyper metabolic state called thyrotoxicosis.
hyperthyroidism
_________________, a frequent complication of diabetes, is the most common endocrine emergency.
Hypoglycemia
________________ is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes and is triggered by the same stressors that cause DKA.
HHNK
The ______________ is the slowest mechanism to react to pH changes, taking hours to days to achieve its buffering effect, but it is the longest lasting.
renal system
_____________ are the chemicals that combine with an acid or base to resist changes in pH.
buffers
A healthy _______________ balance is fundamental to carrying out cellular functions.
electrolyte
______________________ occurs when an excessive amount of water is retained relative to the amount of sodium.
hypervolemic hyponatremia
_____________ is caused by the loss of water and sodium, with a higher degree of sodium loss relative to the amount of water loss.
hypovolemic hyponatremia
A common complaint of IV __________________ is burning at the IV site.
potassium
__________________ is one of the most common electrolyte disturbances you will see in clinical practice.
Hypomagnesmia
________________, one of the main proteins found in skeletal muscle cells, travels to the kidneys and causes injury and even renal failure.
Myoglobin
Insulin, which is secreted by the pancreatic _________ cells, is essential for efficient cellular glucose.
islet
Patients with __________ syndrome have a distinct appearance characterized by obesity, a moon face and other cardinal features.
Cushing’s
The respiratory system reaches its maximum compensatory response in ___________ hours.
12 - 24
________________ is characterized by a decline in pH as a result of CO2 retention.
Respiratory acidosis
Once the body begins to retain bicarbonate, it has made the transition to ____________ status.
chronic
