Shock Flashcards
________ is a progressive state of cellular hypo perfusion in which sufficient oxygen is available to meet tissue demands.
Shock
A complete heartbeat is called a _________________.
cardiac cycle
The hearts contractility allows it to increase or decrease the volume of blood it pumps with each contraction, also known as the _________________.
stroke volume
______________ is the volume of blood the heart can pump per minute and it dependent on several factors.
Cardiac Output
The ____________ is the initial stretching of the cardiac muscles prior to contraction.
preload
The force or resistance against which the heart pumps is known as _____________.
afterload
Cardiac Output Equation
Stroke Volume x HR
Because the residual pressure is lower int he venous system, _____________ are necessary to prevent the back flow of blood.
valves
____________ help defend the body against infection by bacteria, fungi and other pathogens.
White Blood Cells
_________ initiate the process of clotting.
Platelets
_____________ perform various functions involving blood clotting, immunity, wound healing and transport.
Proteins
_____________ control organ system function, regulate growth and development, and perform other vital functions.
Hormones
__________ fuel cells so they can function properly.
Nutrients
_________ carries the solid components in blood
Plasma
__________________ is generally considered to be the Patient’s most important measure of blood pressure and takes into consideration the systolic blood pressure as well as the diastolic blood pressure.
Mean Arterial Pressure
The MAP generally needs to be greater than ______ mmHg to ensure the brain, coronary arteries, and kidneys remain perfused.
60
The ________________ are some of the first cellular components to be affected by shock.
Mitochondria
The _____________ on top of the kidneys, release epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to shock.
Adrenal Glands
The ______________ releases antidiuretic hormone in response to shock.
Anterior pituitary gland
The stage of shock where blood pressure is no longer maintained is called ________________ shock.
decompensated
__________ red blood in the stools indicates active bleeding from the lower GI track.
Bright
________ red or black stool, called melena is usually due to upper GI Bleeding.
Dark
______________ is the result of massive systemic inflammatory response to infection by gram-negative or gram-positive aerobes, anaerobes, fungi or viruses.
Septic Shock
An antibody-antigen hypersensitivity response is the primary cause of _________________.
anaphylactic shock
_______________ is a rare form of distributive shock.
Neurogenic shock
________________ occurs when the heart is unable to circulate sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.
Cardiogenic shock
_____________ occurs when an obstruction to the forward flow of blood exists in the great vessels or heart.
Obstructive Shock
The most immediately treatable cause of obstructive shock is _______________________.
tension pneumothorax
__________________ disease is a genetically inherited autosomal recessive disorder of red blood cells.
Sickle Cell Disease
__________________ occurs when the body has an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood.
Thrombocytopenia
_________ is usually expressed as liters per minute.
Cardiac Output
Neural and endocrine mechanisms also influence stroke volume through __________________.
neurotransmitters
It is important to note that as cardiac contractility increases, ______________ demand of the heart increases as well.
oxygen
The vascular system is a conduit for moving ______________ throughout the body.
blood
______________, one of the primary waste products of metabolism, is principally dissolved in the plasma and must be eliminated quickly.
Carbon Dioxide
______________ is the pressure the blood exerts against the walls of the artery.
Blood pressure
_____________ originates at the cellular level.
Shock
Most of the oxygen in the body is consumed by the _________________, which produce 95% of the aerobic energy used by every body system.
mitochondria
During the ___________ phase of shock, blood pressure is maintained.
Compensated
In the compensate phase, blood loss in hemorrhagic shock can be estimated at ___________% at this point.
15 - 30
________________ shock occurs when blood volume drops by more than 30%.
Decompensated
The last phase of shock is ______________________.
irreversible shock
During a blood transfusion or shortly thereafter, fever may develop (called ________________ reaction); its usually responsive to antipyretics.
pyrogenic
Spinal Cord Injury, usually at the 6th thoracic vertebra or higher, often leads to __________________.
neurogenic shock
Because reduced blood flow to the kidney is common in shock, _________________ is common.
renal failure
_________ a progressive condition characterized by combined failure of two or more organs or organ systems that were initially unharmed by the acute disorder or injury that caused the patient’s initial illness.
MODS
Sepsis and Septic Shock are the most common causes of ___________.
MODS
Systole and diastole in all four chambers, atria and ventricles, are components of the ________________.
cardiac cycle
Precontraction pressure in the heart is called ___________.
preload
The cardiac output of a healthy adult male varies from ___________ L/min.
3 - 8
The stroke volume of a healthy adult is typically about __________ mL.
70
___________ are responsible for much of the blood’s viscosity.
RBC’s
The pulse pressure is normally about _________ mmHg.
40
ADH is also called _______________.
vasopressin
________________ secretion also creates the sensation of thirst, one of the early signs of shock.
Aldosterone
A weak, thready pulse is an indicator for _______________.
hypoperfusion
A bounding pulse suggests _______________ perfusion.
adequate
Hypothermia reduces the ability of the blood to _________.
clot
________________ is an important metric because it indicates renal perfusion status.
Urine Output
Monitoring the patient’s ________________ is a standard of care during blood administration.
temperature
The most common trigger of Anaphylaxis is the sting of an insect belonging to the __________________ species.
Hymenoptera
____________________ is a marked weakening or disappearance of a pulse during inspiration - may occur with cardiac tamponade or tension pneumothorax.
Pulsus Paradoxus
________________ is a bleeding disorder occurring when there is a deficiency in clotting factors, or proteins in the blood that work with platelets to promote clotting.
Hemophilia
