Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards
The heart is made of specialized muscle tissue called _____________.
myocardium
The patient’s ___________________ is an excellent indicator of the adequacy of cerebral perfusion.
level of consciousness
A _______________ occurs when the palpated radial pulse is less than the apical pulse rate
pulse deficit
A ________________ is an excessive drop in systolic blood pressure with each inspired breath.
pulses paradoxus
________________ occurs when the pulse alternates between strong and weak beats and typically is representative of left ventricular systolic damage.
pulses alternans
Myocardial infarction is typically confirmed using proteins/enzymes specific to the heart called _________________.
troponins
___________________is a life-threatening cause of chest pain, resulting from a progressive deterioration and worsening of a simple pneumothorax.
Tension pneumothorax
__________________ occurs when fluid accumulates inside the pericardial sac surrounding the heart.
Pericardial tamponade
____________ sign is an increase in jugular venous distention during inspiration.
Kussmaul’s
________________ is a group of conditions that involve decreased blood flow to the heart muscle.
Acute Coronary Syndrome
___________ angina pain usually comes on with exercise or stress and lasts 3-5 minutes, sometimes up to 15 minutes.
Stable
A coronary spasm is also known as variant angina or ____________.
Prinzmetal Angina
_______________ is an inflammation of the pericardium or pericardial sac.
Pericarditiis
A ____________________ tear in the esophagus usually follows forceful vomiting.
Mallory-Weiss
___________________ is the most common heart valve abnormality, affecting 5-10% of the world population.
Mitral Valve Prolapse
The scientific and clinical definition of ________ is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
pain
___________________ is an acute episode of shortness of breath in which the Patent suddenly awakens from sleep with a feeling of suffocation
paroxysmal nocturnal dypsnea
____________________ is the gold standard for the diagnosis of coronary blockages and also provided the best means of treatment.
Coronary catheterization
Up to one-third of individuals with a ____________________ will die.
pulmonary embolism
Large clots may occlude large pulmonary vessels, the most dramatic being a _____________________ that spans the pulmonary arteries as they leave the heart.
saddle embolus
If there is hypoxia and no apparent physiological explanation, a _______________ must be considered.
pulmonary embolism
________________ is the most underlying cause of CHF.
Coronary Artery Disease
The classic signs and symptoms of pericardial tamponade is Beck’s Triad:
Hypotension
Distended Jugular Veins
Muffled Heart Tones
____________ is when the pulse decreases in size or is non palpable during inhalation.
Pulsus Paradoxus
When atherosclerosis occurs within the coronary arteries, it is referred to as _________________.
Coronary Artery Disease
__________________ is caused by a clot or thrombus that forms in a narrowed coronary artery where the plaque has ruptured, causing platelets to aggregate and a clot to form.
myocardial infarction
Prolonged chest discomfort that continues at rest or chest discomfort that awakens the patient at night are features of __________________.
unstable angina
A ____________________ is a sudden narrowing of a coronary artery that deprives the heart muscle of blood and oxygen
coronary spasm
The classic pain of ______________ is improved by leaning forward and worse with lying back, presumably because the heart hangs in the chest and touches the posterior thorax when supine.
pericarditis
________________- occurs when heart muscle myocytes are injured by various causes, and the heart remodels itself to accommodate, with hypertrophy or thickening of the muscle.
Cardiomyopathy
__________________ refers to any inflammation of lung tissue and may be caused by a variety of conditions to include pneumonia, bronchitis, and aspiration.
Pneumonitis
_________________ is the term most used to refer to painful respiration and should alert you to conduct a thorough assessment to find the cause of the pain.
Pleurisy
A _____________________ should be high on your list of suspected diagnoses when assessing a pregnant patient.
pulmonary embolism
The hearts smooth inner surface is called the _____________.
endocardium
The hearts outer layer is called the ___________.
epicardium
The __________ is a fibrous sac around the heart that provides an extra measure of protection.
pericardium
The _____________ have somatic sensory innervation and thereby a patient may feel “sharp” pain/somatic pain
plurae
Examine the extremities for edema and examine the back for sacral edema; these may be signs of _______-sided heart failure
right
________________ can demonstrate the presence of functional ischemia.
Cardiac Stress Testing
Pain with exertion is usually indicative of _________.
ACS
____________ chest wall pain is usually not cardiac in nature.
Peripheral
Pain that begins suddenly and is described as being worst at the onset is many times an ____________________.
aortic dissection
________________ refers to air in the pleural cavity.
Pneumothorax
A simple pneumothorax may occur spontaneously in patients with connective tissue diseases such as __________________.
Marfan Syndrome
Remember _____________ triad: hyper coagulability, venous stasis and endothelial injury; these are the factors that increase risk of DVT’s
Virchow’s
About _______ of patients with PE will have tachycardia.
50%
With a saddle embolus, cardiac arrest will usually present with ______________.
PEA
Auscultation of the heart sounds may pick up ______________ Sign, in which a crunching sound is heard during systole.
Hamman’s
The ___________ is the smooth inner lining of the Aorta.
intima
The ____________ is made up of smooth muscle and some elastic tissue.
(Aortic Lining)
media
The outer, fibrous layer is the _______________ and provides a containing layer to withstand the forces exerted on the vessel.
adventitia
Comparison of blood pressure in the right and left arm can indicate _____________ injury.
aortic branch
With cardiac tamponade, another diagnostic sign on a 12-Lead is ______________.
electrical alternans
The risk of heart attack in smokers is more than ________ that of nonsmokers.
twice
Patients will sometimes develop a form of pericarditis after MI or cardiac surgery known as _________________.
Dressler syndrome
In __________________, the pain is sharp and colicky and often follows ingestion of a greasy meal.
cholescystitis
_________________ is an acute inflammation of the pancreas and may be caused by high blood triglycerides, gall stones, excessive alcohol use, or a host of other drugs.
Pancreatitis
_________________ is the leading indication for heart transplantation.
Cardiomyopathy
______________ is the only rash that follows a dermatome and is limited to one side of the body.
Herpes Zoster
Productive cough and difficulty breathing are the most common symptoms of ___________________.
pneumonitis
______________ is the leading cause of death in men and women in the US.
Heart Disease
