Respiratory Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
The main functions of the ______________ are to warm, filter, and humidify air as it enters the body through the nose and mouth
A
Upper airway
2
Q
Hypertension can bring on a nosebleed by rupturing small vessels of the _____________.
A
lamina propria
3
Q
The function of the ________________ is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
A
lower airway
4
Q
The trachea divides into the right and left mainstream bronchi at the level of the ___________.
A
carina
5
Q
The _________ mainstream bronchus is straighter and larger in diameter than the left, making it more susceptible to aspiration and inadvertent unilateral intubation.
A
right
6
Q
The ____ lung shares its side of the intrathoracic space with the heart and only has two lobes.
A
left
7
Q
_________________ takes place across the few layers of cells separating the alveoli from the pulmonary capillaries.
A
Gas exchange
8
Q
The reciprocal passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the alveoli is called ______________.
A
respiration
9
Q
The main muscle of ventilation is the ______________.
A
diaphragm
10
Q
The diaphragm is innervated by the _________ nerve.
A
phrenic
11
Q
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the _____________ .
A
superior and inferior vena cavae
12
Q
The __________________ located in the left upper thorax is the largest lymph vessel in the body.
A
thoracic duct
13
Q
The level of _______ in the body is the primary modulator of respiration.
A
CO2
14
Q
_______ is the chief waste product of metabolism.
A
CO2
15
Q
________________, in which glucose is converted into energy in the presence of oxygen is the basic process of life.
A
Aerobic metabolism
16
Q
________________ allows the cells to generate small amounts of energy but releases excessive acids as by-products, especially lactic and carbonic acids.
A
anaerobic
17
Q
__________ is a passive process in which molecules move from an area with a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
A
Diffusion
18
Q
Breathing occurs as the result of a buildup of CO2, which causes the pH to decrease in _________________.
A
cerebrospinal fluid
19
Q
________________ sense changes in the composition of blood and body fluids.
A
chemoreceptors
20
Q
A ________ is a substance that absorbs or donates Hydrogen.
A
buffer
21
Q
The fastest way the body can get rid of excess acid is through the ___________________.
A
respiratory system
22
Q
Sensors in the renal artery note hypoxia and then release __________________, a hormone hat stimulates the creation of red blood cells.
A
erythropoeiten
23
Q
___________ is a condition of an elevated number of red blood cells.
A
polycythemia
24
Q
An adult male has a total lung capacity of __________ mL.
A
6000
25
The amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath is called _____________.
tidal volume
26
A typical BVM holds approximately _______________ of air.
1000 - 2000
27
The _________________ is perhaps the most important element of patient assessment.
History of Present Illness
28
Hepatojugular reflex is specific to _____________-sided heart failure.
right
29
The normal partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in arterial blood is ____________ mm Hg.
80 - 100
30
___________________ is most likely one of the most important assessment tools available to the EMS provider.
Waveform Capnography
31
________________ is a lung injury or alveolar rupture from over distention of the alveoli.
Volutrauma
32
The use of BiPap in Patients with COPD has been shown to reduce the need for intubation by ________%.
59
33
If a patient allows intubation, it was probably _______________.
neccessary
34
______________ is difficulty swallowing.
dysphagia
35
The most common sound associated with upper airway obstruction is ____________.
stridor
36
The inhalation of anything other than breathable gases is called _______________.
aspiration
37
The most common cause of upper airway obstruction in conscious and unconscious patients is the _____________.
tongue
38
_______________ is an extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction involving two or more body systems.
Anaphylaxis
39
_______________, one of the primary chemical weapons, causes the blood vessels in the local area to dilate and the capillaries to leak.
Histamine
40
______________ is a common disease, prompting million of ED visits a year, for 20-30% of hospital admissions.
Asthma
41
________________ is the collapse of the alveolar air spaces of the lungs.
Atelecstasis
42
Lung infection causing fluid to collect in the alveoli is referred to as ________________.
pneumonia
43
The upper airway comprises all structures above the ____________.
vocal cords
44
_________________ is accomplished as the air picks up moisture from the soft tissues of the airway.
Humidification
45
The extensive vascularization of the nasal cavity and the vulnerable position of the nose make a nosebleed, or _____________ a fairly common occurrence.
epistaxis
46
The ____________, or windpipe is the conduit for air entry into the lungs.
trachea
47
Microscopic hairs called ________ help move the mucus and trapped particles up the respiratory tract to be eventually expelled by coughing or expectoration.
cilia
48
A chemical called ________________ coats the inner walls of the alveoli, helping keeping them open.
surfactant
49
________________ is a major risk factor for pneumonia.
Atelecstasis
50
The epithelium is made up of mucus secreting _________________ cells.
goblet
51
Mucus also contains an immune antibody called _______________.
Immunoglobulin A
52
In the lower respiratory tract, ________ can physically enter the alveoli and bronchioles by squeezing between the cell borders.
white cells
53
Oxygen and carbon Dioxide pass rapidly across the alveolar membrane by _______________.
diffusion
54
Normal respiration is controlled by the __________ drive, whereby respiration increases when CO2 becomes even slightly elevated.
hypercarbic drive
55
The _________ system regulates pH by filtering out more hydrogen and retaining bicarbonate in an acidotic state and doing the reverse in alkalotic states.
renal
56
The ___________________ in the medulla is the main pacemaker for breathing and is responsible for initiating inspiration.
dorsal respiratory group
57
The amount of air movement during rest is approximately ________ mL.
500
58
_____________ is the total amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and expiration.
vital capacity
59
________________ is the portion of the respiratory system having no alveoli and, therefore, where little or no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs.
dead space
60
Dead Space in the air in the upper airways and parts of the lower airway is normally accepted to be about ________ mL.
150
61
As a general rule, any respiratory noises that are ___________ without a stethoscope are abnormal.
audible
62
______________ is a good rough indication or adequate perfusion and oxygenation of the CNS.
Mental status
63
________________________ occurs when mild pressure on the Patient's liver causes the jugular veins to engorge further.
Hepatojugular Reflex
64
_________________ may be seen or felt as the suprasternal notch and is a classic late sign of tension pneumothorax.
tracheal deviation
65
Wheezing is usually heard on __________.
expiration
66
Auscultation of diminished breath sounds is a classic sign of _________________.
emphysema
67
Oxygen is usually delivered by Nasal cannula, which can effectively provide _______________ oxygen.
24 - 40 %
68
Use of a face mask can increase the concentration of oxygen administered up to _____% when 15 LPM of oxygen is given.
60
69
_____________ should be considered the last option for patients who have severe asthma.
Intubation
70
Chronic aspiration of food is also a common cause of _________________ in older patients.
pneumonia
71
When an invading substance enters the body, the ______ cells recognize it as potentially harmful and begin releasing chemical mediators.
mast
72
In the process of fighting off a streptococcal infection, the body can inadvertently attack the heart and valves, causing ________________.
Rheumatic Fever
73
___________ is a life-threatening infection causing inflammation of the epiglottis and often supraglottic region.
Epiglottitis
74
________________ is a sudden swelling, usually of a head or neck structure, such as the lips.
Angiodema
75
_________ is a disease arising from the merger of two viruses, one from mammals and one from birds.
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
76
________ is a major cause of illness in young children, creating an infection in the lungs and breathing passages.
RSV
77
When you are assessing a child, look for signs of dehydration; infants with RSV often refuse ___________.
liquids
78
The presence of breath sounds on the affected lung cannot rule out pneumothorax because an estimated ______% of the lung would need to be collapsed to hear diminished breath sounds.
25
79
______________ is the collection of fluid outside the lung on one or both sides of the chest.
Pleural Effusion
80
______________ is the sudden blockage of an artery in the lung with a blood clot, an air bubble, a fatty plaque, or even a group of tumor cells.
Pulmonary Embolus
81
The _______________ serves several important purposes. It humidifies and warms inhaled air, protecting the lower mucosa.
nasal cavity
82
While not dedicated to ventilation, the structures of the mouth - lips, teeth, gums, tongue and salivary glands - function in _________________ and _____________________.
mastication
speech creation
83
The trachea is a membraneous tube supported by a series of C-Shaped _______________ rings.
cartilagenous
84
The trachea and mainstream bronchi are lined with ______________________, providing humidification and secreting mucous to protect the lower airway against harmful particulates.
columnar epithelium
85
The lung lobes are covered with a thin, slippery outer membrane called the _________________.
visceral pleura
86
The ________________ lines the insides of the thoracic cavity.
parietal pleura
87
The ___________ nerve originates in the brainstem and exits from the cervical spine at levels C3, C4 and C5
phrenic
88
Million of alveoli exist in a healthy lung, forming _________________ clusters.
grapelike
89
Each bronchus divides into increasingly smaller bronchi, which in turn subdivide into primary, secondary, and tertiary _________________.
bronchioles
90
When the ________________ intercostal muscles contract, they move the ribs up and out.
external
91
If you note a patient is using _____________________ to breathe, respiratory compromise or impending respiratory failure should be included in your differential diagnosis.
accessory muscles
92
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart and left atrium through the ___________________.
pulmonary veins
93
_________________ is the process of breaking down sugars and other nutrients into energy for use by the cells of the body.
Metabolism
94
The respiratory system has several strategies for preventing disease-causing organisms (____________________) from entering from the upper respiratory tract and reaching the alveoli.
pathogens
95
_____________________ is secreted into bodily fluids and binds to pathogenic organisms, allowing white blood cells to recognize and destroy them.
Immunoglobulin A
96
The nerves in the brainstem act as sensors for the level of carbon dioxide in the blood and subsequently the _____________.
spinal fluid
97
The ___________________, which is sensitive to pH changes stimulates the phrenic nerve, sending a signal to the diaphragm to initiate a breath.
medulla oblongata
98
The chemoreceptors sense an increase in the _______________ level in the fluid surrounding the cells of the medulla, which stimulates an increase in the rate of ventilation.
Hydrogen
99
pH is inversely proportional to_____.
H+
100
The CO2 level in the blood will rise if respiration is too slow or shallow, causing ________________ or CO2 retention, or if the blood becomes too acidic.
hypercapnia
101
The body has a back up system, called the ______________, to control respiration
hypoxic drive
102
________________ absorb hydrogen ions when they are in excess and donate hydrogen ions when they are depleted.
Buffers
103
The kidneys have sensors that register chronic low levels of oxygen, and more ___________________ are created.
red blood cells
104
Polycythemia increases the risk of forming ______________.
blood clots
105
The __________________ center, located in the superior portion of the pons, helps shut off the dorsal respiratory group, resulting in shorter, faster respirations
pneumotaxic
106
The _____________ center, located in the inferior portion of the pons, stimulates the dorsal respiratory group, resulting oil longer, slower respirations.
apneustic
107
______________ volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration.
Residual
108
Although usual tidal volume is around ______ mL, some additional volume is required to compensate for dead space int he respiratory circuit.
500
109
The mouth, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are all considered _________________.
dead space
110
The amount of dead space can increase when a disease like _______________ occurs.
atelectstasis
111
______________ is both a sign and a symptom.
Dyspnea
112
The __________ may be heard in an area adjacent to the site of pain.
friction rub
113
Whereas diminished breath sounds are associated with emphysema and other disorders, __________ breath sounds is an ominous finding.
absent
114
________________ likes carbon monoxide more than oxygen - it is said to have a much higher affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen when both are available for attachment.
Hemoglobin
115
The degree of color change approximates the amount of CO2 present, so this type of capnometry is referred to as ________________ CO2 detection.
colorimetric
116
Another valuable means of evaluating the patient's CO2 level at the end of exhalation occurs in the nonintubated patient through __________________ capnography.
sidestream
117
Acidosis of a ____________ nature - that is, respiratory failure - can evolve rapidly.
respiratory
118
__________ is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis.
Shock
119
The ____________ level reflects the body's acid-base status from a metabolic perspective.
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
120
A low bicarbonate indicated _________________.
metabolic acidosis
121
A High bicarbonate level indicates ________________.
metabolic alkalosis
122
The ________________ normally ranges from -3 to +3.
base deficit (base excess)
123
A negative base deficit indicates ___________________.
metabolic acidosis
124
positive base deficit indicates ___________________.
metabolic alkalosis
125
The Base Deficit and bicarbonate levels generally move in the same direction as the pH when a __________ reason exists for the abnormality or body adjustment.
metabolic
126
_______________ are a group of tests often ordered by pulmonologists for a patient with breathing difficulties in order to better characterize the nature and severity of the illness.
Pulmonary Function Tests
127
_____________ is a ventilatory technique used to apply a modest amount of continuous pressure in the airway to an alert patient to keep smaller airways open.
CPAP
128
In ____________, one pressure can be delivered during inspiration and a different pressure can be delivered during exhalation.
BiPap
129
The continuous positive pressure can impede ___________ return and thus reduce blood pressure.
venous
130
_________ can help patients who have alveolar collapse, as is seen in pneumonia and pulmonary edema.
PEEP
131
________________ is a phenomenon that can compromise gas exchange and allow intrathoracic pressure to become so high that hemodynamic compromise occurs as a result of decreased cardiac output.
Auto-PEEP
132
During _________________, the immune system becomes hypersensitive to one or more substances.
anaphylactic reactions
133
Most bacterial infections are caused by _______________________.
group A streptococcus
134
In __________________________, a superficial soft-tissue infection progresses to create pockets of purulence in the submucosal space adjacent to the tonsils.
peritonsillar abscess
135
___________________ disease occurs when the positive pressure in exhalation causes the small airways to pinch shut, trapping gas in the alveoli.
Obstructive
136
_________________ is a chronic inflammation of the bronchi with contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in narrowed bronchi and associated wheezing.
Asthma
137
_________ is an airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or loss of alveolar surface area associated with emphysema.
COPD
138
The primary cause of COPD is ___________________.
cigarette smoking
139
To compensate for the CO2 retention, the body must maintain a slightly ________________ state.
alkalotic
140
Studies have shown that administration of antibiotics within ________ of arriving in the ED decreases morbidity and mortality in patients with pneumonia.
6 hours
141
__________ is characterized by diffuse damage to the alveoli, perhaps as a result of shock, aspiration of gastric contents, pulmonary edema, or a hypoxic event.
ARDS
142
Patients with ARDS typically have ________ lungs (that is, low compliance)
stiff
143
The incubation period of SARS is about ________ from the date of exposure.
10 days
144
More than _________ of persons who experience primary spontaneous pneumothorax are smokers.
90%
145
The cardinal signs of primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax are ___________ and _________________.
chest pain
dyspnea
146
When fluid collects between the visceral and parietal pleura, it produces a ____________________.
pleural effusion
147
Patients with effusions frequently feel better if they are sitting ____________.
upright
148
Fluid from significant effusions can be extracted by needle ___________________ for both diagnostic purposes and symptomatic relief.
thoracentesis
149
___________ is one of the most common causes of pulmonary embolism.
DVT
150
Classic triad of pulmonary embolism:
Chest Pain
Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
151
________________ syndrome is an ascending paralysis believed to represent an overzealous immune system response to a viral infection.
Guillian-Barre
152
se depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents for medication assisted intubations for patients with chronic ______________________________.
neuromuscular diseases
153
The _______ is also a common site for metastasis of cancer from other body tissues.
Lung
154
High water-soluble gases like ____________ will react with the moist mucous membranes of the upper airway and cause swelling and irritation.
ammonia
155
Less water-soluble gases may get deep into the ____________, where they may do damage over time/
lower airway
156
______________________ is the leading cause of accidental poisoning deaths in the US.
Carbon Monoxide
