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AMLS > Neurologic Disorders > Flashcards

Neurologic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Any decrease in a person’s alertness, difficulty with cognition, or behavior that departs from what is normal for that person constitutes ________________.

A

altered mental status

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2
Q

New evidence suggests that an adult brain can create new neurons in a process called _____________.

A

neurogenesis

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3
Q

The _________________, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, accounts of r98% of all neural tissues in the body.

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

The innermost meninx, which attaches directly to the brain’s surface, is a delicate membrane called the ___________________.

A

pia mater

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5
Q

The middle layer of the meninges is a tangle of collagen and elastin fibers that takes its name from its appearance. The mesh like vascular network of this meninx is known as the ________________________.

A

arachnoid membrane

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6
Q

The outermost meninx, which lines the cranial vault, contains arteries that supply the bones of the skull is called the _____________________.

A

dura mater

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7
Q

the ______________ space is between the dura mater and the skull.

A

epidural

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8
Q

The ___________ space is between the dura and the subarachnoid membranes.

A

subdural space

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9
Q

The capillaries that nourish the brain have a specific lining with tight junctions between cells forming a protective barrier between blood and the brain’s extracellular fluid known as the _____________________.

A

blood brain barrier

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10
Q

The brain can be divided into four parts:

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem

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11
Q

The _______________ coordinates movements, balance and posture.

A

cerebellum

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12
Q

In a syndrome called ________________, the patient initially appears to be grossly psychotic and may exhibit strength out of proportion to your expectations.

A

excited delirium

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13
Q

____________ refers to a loss of muscular control and coordination causing truncal instability, gait unsteadiness, abnormal eye movements, or difficulty with precision of movements of the extremities, such as distance finding or rapid alternating movements.

A

Ataxia

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14
Q

_____________________ refers to any localized loss of neurologic function, such as weakness or numbness in part or all of an extremity or one side of the face.

A

Focal Neurological Deficit

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15
Q

A ___________, sometimes called a brain attack, is a brain injury occurring when blood flow to the brain is obstructed or interrupted, causing brain cells to die.

A

Stroke

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16
Q

A _____________ is a blood clot or a cholesterol plaque forming in an artery.

A

Thrombus

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17
Q

A ______________ is a clot or plaque that forms elsewhere in the circulatory system, breaks off, and obstructs blood flow when it becomes lodged in a smaller artery.

A

embolus

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18
Q

Unilateral weakness is called:

A

hemiparesis

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19
Q

Please recognize that 85% of patients will have an _______________-type stroke.

A

ischemic

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20
Q

Paralysis on one side of the body

A

hemiplegia

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21
Q

____________________ is a general inflammation of the brain causing focal or diffuse brain function.

A

Encephalitis

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22
Q

___________________ is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

A

Meningitis

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23
Q

The resistance to flexing/extending the neck

A

nuchal rigidity

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24
Q

______________ is unilateral face paralysis that has an abrupt onset and uncertain cause.

A

Bell Palsy

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25
Q

________________ syndrome is a disorder in which the nerve roots exiting from the end of the final cord in the lower lumbar and sacral region of the spine become compressed, causing lower extremity pain, weakness and paralysis.

A

Cauda Equina

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26
Q

__________________ refers to a group of acute immune-mediated polyneuropathies, demyelinating disorders that cause weakness, numbness, or paralysis throughout the body.

A

Guillan-Barre syndrome

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27
Q

Patients with neurological problems are vulnerable and at risk for ________________.

A

decompensation

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28
Q

The tiny ___________________, not much bigger than a cherry pit, is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body.

A

hypothalamus

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29
Q

_________________- is an acute alteration in mental status characterized by waxing and waning impairment of awareness, orientation and cognition and sometimes is associated with hallucinations or delusions.

A

Delirium

30
Q

When patients complain of _____________, it is essential to differentiate whether the patient is referring to light-headedness versus feeling of spinning.

A

dizziness

31
Q

Patients with a __________________ may have photophobia.

A

migraine

32
Q

Vertigo may be due to the dysfunction of the vestibular system, usually the inner ear. This is commonly referred to as ____________________.

A

peripheral vertigo

33
Q

When ventilation is impaired PaCO2 climbs to dangerous levels, causing confusion, drowsiness, tremor and convulsions. This condition is known as ___________

A

CO2 narcosis

34
Q

According to the National Stroke Association, the term _____________________ is no longer being used by the medical community because stroke is considered to be a preventable event, not an accident.

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

35
Q

_____________ stroke is much more common than hemorrhagic stroke.

A

Ischemic

36
Q

A ______ mimics a stroke, but the symptoms resolve within 24 hours, with a majority resolving in 1 hour.

A

TIA

37
Q

A TIA precedes only ______ of 8 strokes.

A

1

38
Q

_______________________ represents about a quarter of all strokes that occur in teens and young adults, often stroking while they are engaged in physical activity.

A

Carotid Artery Dissection

39
Q

Smokers with a systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mmHg are _______ times more likely to suffer a hemorrhagic stroke, than nonsmokers.

A

9

40
Q

___________________ occurs when arteries on the brain’s surface bleed into the subarachnoid space, the area between the pit mater and the arachnid mater.

A

Subarachnoid Hemorhage

41
Q

___________________ should be suspected in any patient who describes a sudden, severe headache that came on like a thunderclap.

A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

42
Q

A __________ hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane.

A

subdural

43
Q

Typically, ___________ is the only etiology of an epidural hematoma.

A

trauma

44
Q

Increased ICP may cause Cushing’s Triad:

A

widened pulse pressure

Bradycardia

Irregular Respiratory Pattern

45
Q

________________ is a blood clot that forms in the veins and dural sinuses of the brain.

A

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

46
Q

_____________ plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates.

A

Thiamine

47
Q

______________ is a transparent, slightly yellowish fluid that acts as a shock absorber and energy source for the brain.

A

CSF

48
Q

Cerebral blood flow is affected by the serum level of _______________.

A

Carbon Dioxide

49
Q

The left hemisphere is called the _____________ brain.

A

logical

50
Q

The right hemisphere is known as the _____________ brain.

A

creative

51
Q

________________ is a loss of consciousness associated with decreased brain perfusion.

A

Syncope

52
Q

Peripheral vertigo is due to a disruption in the vestibular system or ____________ cranial nerve.

A

8th

53
Q

Ipsilateral vision changes (on the same side of the body as the headache) occur with _____________.

A

temporal arteritis

54
Q

The time limit for administration of __________ is based on when the patient was last known to be normal.

A

TPA

55
Q

The ________________ supply the brain with oxygenated blood.

A

internal carotid arteries

56
Q

In a subarachnoid hemorrhage, the volume of blood may cause a ____________.

A

mass shift

57
Q

____________ is a common complaint if nerve palsy is present, and patients should be asked about double vision.

A

Diplopia

58
Q

__________________ is most often a viral infection that damages brain parenchyma.

A

Encephalitis

59
Q

A common culprit for encephalitis is _____________.

A

Herpes Simplex

60
Q

Life-threatening acute meningitis is frequently a _____________ infection.

A

bacterial

61
Q

_____________ Sign is a positive sign when the leg is flexed at the hip and knee, and subsequent extension of the knee is painful.

A

Kernig’s

62
Q

______________ Sign is involuntary flexing of the legs in response to flexing of the neck.

A

Brudzinski’s

63
Q

___________________ is a condition in which a persistent abnormality in the brain leads to recurrent seizures

A

Eilepsy

64
Q

Nearly _________% of seizures have no known cause.

A

70

65
Q

Seizures have three distinct phases:

A

preictal

ictal

postictal

66
Q

________________ is defined as continuous convulsions lasting for 5 or more minutes or recurrent episodes of convulsions in a 5-minute interval without return to preconvulvise neurologic baseline.

A

Status Epilepticus

67
Q

______________ refers to unilateral facial weakness due to dysfunction of the peripheral portion of the seventh cranial nerve.

A

Bell palsy

68
Q

Patients usually die in 3-5 years after diagnosis of ________________.

A

Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS)

69
Q

_________________ syndrome is believed to represent an autoimmune response to a recent infection or to many different types of medical problems.

A

Guillain-Barre

70
Q

Abnormal levels of serotonin, epinephrine, and dopamine, or some combination of these, have al been investigated as possible causes of _______________.

A

depression

AMLS (12 decks)

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