Abdominal Disorders Flashcards
The process of digestion starts with _________________.
mastication
When stretched out, the small intestine is about ______ feet long.
22
The _____________, ____________ and _____________ are the three sections of the small intestine.
duodenum
jejunum
ilium
The duodenum is ______ foot long.
one
The jejunum is about ______ feet long and is responsible for most of the chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients.
8
The final section of the bowel is the ileum and it is ________ feet.
13
The _______ is the largest reservoir of blood in the body, even a small laceration to the liver can cause extensive blood loss.
liver
Food progresses through the GI tract by a process called ____________.
motility
_____________ pain occurs when the walls of the hollow organs are stretched, thereby activating the stretch receptors.
Visceral
_____________ pain is caused by an irritation of the nerve fibers in the parietal peritoneum or other deep tissues, such as those of the musculoskeletal system.
Somatic (Parietal)
When pain emanates from a site other than its origin, it is said to be ________________ pain.
referred
______________ affects about 5 million people in the US and its the most common cause of GI bleeding, representing about 60% of cases.
Peptic Ulcer Disease
________________ are dilated veins as a result of mounting pressure damaging the vessels walls and weakening the venous structure.
Esophogeal and Gastric Varices
_________________ is a rupture of the esophagus as a consequence of hyperemesis gravidarium, childbirth, violent coughing, seizures, status asthmaticus, weight lifting, certain neurologic disorders, or explosive vomiting after an excessive intake of food and drink.
Boerhaave’s Syndrome
________________ is an inflammatory process in which premature activation of pancreatic enzymes cause the pancreas to begin to digest itself, resulting in pain and necrosis s the inflammation spreads.
acute pancreatitis
______________, also called delayed gastric emptying, is a medical condition consisting of paresis (partial paralysis) of the stomach, resulting in food remaining in the stomach for an abnormally long time.
Gastroparesis
____________ is typically caused by an infection or the buildup of fluid in the appendix.
Appendicitis
_______________ is caused by an occlusion of the mesenteric arty or vein.
Mesenteric Ischemia
Gastric _______________, a condition in which the stomach rotates more than 180 degrees, is a rare event that has been documented in only 400 cases in the US.
volvulus
_________________ occurs when a portion of the bowel telescopes into an adjacent portion of the intestine, thereby occluding passage of intestinal contents and diminishing blood flow to the area.
Intussception
The presence of excessive ______________ in the bloodstream, which gives the skin, mucous membranes and eyes a distinct yellow color, is called jaundice.
Bilirubin
_______________ simply means inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis
____________ is typically spread from person to person through the fecal-oral route.
Hepatitis A
___________ is most prevalent in blood, wound discharge, and semen and vaginal fluid, but can be found in most bodily secretions, including saliva, stools, tears and urine.
Hepatitis B
________________ has a prevalence of about 3 million persons in the US and is linked to blood transfusions, unsafe needle sharing practices, and accidental exposure of healthcare workers to the blood of infected patients.
Hepatitis C
_____________ sets in when hepatitis progresses to hepatic necrosis.
Fulminant hepatic failure
_______________ remains one of the most often cited reasons for seeking medical care.
Abdominal Pain
When empty, the stomach has numerous folds, or _________, allowing it to expand and accommodate 1-1.5 L of food and fluid
rugae
The __________ performs more than 200 functions in the body.
liver
The _________________ is a pear shaped organ housed just below the liver.
gallbladder
The _____________ nerve, part of the parasympathetic nervous system, innervates the GI tract to the level of the transverse colon.
vagus
The vagus nerve has a secretory function and helps stimulate _______________.
vomiting
The _____________________ is the primary site for absorption of fluid and nutrients.
small intestine
The ___________________ is the primary site of absorption of water and salts.
large intestine
___________ sign is when pain from a ruptured spleen is referred to the tip of the left shoulder.
Kehr’s
__________________ before palpating, as palpating the abdomen before listening to it can alter findings by artificially increasing bowel sounds.
Auscultate
It is important the patient is _____________ during palpation, because abdominal rigidity and guarding caused by anxiety can make findings less reliable
relaxed
___________________ has been found to the cause of 60-70% of peptic ulcers over the past decade.
Helicobacter pylori
_____________ in peptic ulcer disease can be severe.
Bleeding
____________ occur when blood flow through the liver is restricted (portal hypertension)
varices
_____________ sign is a blue discoloration around the umbilicus.
Cullen’s
_______________ sign is a blue discoloration around the flanks.
Grey Turner’s
______________ has been named as the most common cause of gastroparesis.
Diabetes
___________________- is an emergent event in which stool, a foreign body, or a mechanical process obstructs passage of intestinal contents.
Intestinal Obstruction
_____________________, the second leading cause of illness in the US, is characterized by watery stools, diarrhea, and vomiting.
Acute Gastroenteritis
The ________________ is responsible for most cases of acute gastroenteritis in adults.
norovirus
_________________ overdose is one of the most common causes of acute liver injury.
Acetaminophen
__________________ is an enlargement of part of the aorta caused by a weakness in the vascular wall.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
________________ syndrome is an extremely rare vascular disorder resulting from occlusion of the major hepatic veins or inferior vena cava.
Budd-Chiari
______________________ the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, is responsible for approximately 30% of all cases of bleeding during the second half of pregnancy.
Placenta Abruptio
________________, which occurs in 6-8% of pregnancies, is characterized by hypertension nd protein in the urine.
Preeclampsia
______________ is implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterus.
Ectopic Pregnancy
_________________ is a bacterial infection of the kidneys.
Pyelonephritis
_______________ is the permanent loss of kidney function.
Chronic Kidney Disease
_____________ is defined as having a body mass index of 40 or higher.
Morbid Obesity
The speed at which the stomach empties its contents into the lower digestive tract is known as the _________________________.
rate of gastric emptying
The duodenum receives the semifluid, partially digested stomach contents, or _____________, as well as exocrine secretions from the liver and pancreas.
chyme
____________’s primary function is to assist in digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
Bile
______________ is the process of breaking down food into components to be used for nutrition for the body at the cellular level.
Digestion
A structured, coordinated muscular response known as ________________- is required for the process of digestion to be successful.
peristalsis
The ____________ nerve stimulates the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal.
pelvic
As the patients blood volume begins to drop, the body compensates by releasing ________________.
catecholamines
Pain when the pressure is released, known as __________________ is a classic sign of peritoneal irritation.
rebound tenderness
___________________ most often associated with chronic excessive alcohol use, is the most common cause of increasing varices.
portal hypertension
_________________ is frequently caused by autonomic neuropathy.
Gastroparesis
Patients with ______________ have pain localized to the right lower quadrant or right lower back.
appendicitis
Other signs and symptoms include fever, nausea and vomiting, and a positive ___________ sign, which is quite specific to appendicitis.
psoas
_________________ is a specific form of liver disease that presents with elevated ammonia levels and altered mental status.
Hepatic encephalopathy
_________________ is the inflammation of the bile ducts.
Cholangitis
