Toxicology - Exam 4 Flashcards
definition of toxicology
the study and science of poisons
definition of toxicants
“poison”; interfere with life processes or biological functions
exposure aspect of toxicology includes
species susceptibility & sensitivity
sources of toxicity
diagnoses aspect of toxicology includes
clinical & lab findings
specific lesions
toxicokinetics aspect of toxicology includes
mechanism of action
metabolism, excretion, half life
treatment aspect of toxicology includes
decontamination
specific antidote
organs affected
prognosis aspect of toxicology includes
risk to other animals
risk to people/public health
the difference between drugs and poisons is the
dose
definition of xenobiotics
foreign chemicals that the body does not produce i.e.: drugs & poisons
natural sources of toxicants
plant, animal, mineral, fungi/bacteria, gaseous
synthetic sources of toxicants
insecticides & organic herbicides
definition of toxicosis
poisoning/intoxication; disease caused by exposure
definition of envenomation via coral snake
neuromuscular paralysis, death by hypoventilation & respiratory failure
definition of biotoxin
poison from a biological process
definition of toxic
the deleterious or undesirable effects of a poison
example of toxicosis
amanita “death cap” mushrooms; acute liver failure, imminent death
definition of toxicity
amount of poison that under certain circumstances will cause a toxicity
in mammals toxicity is measured as
LD50 (mg/kg)
in birds toxicity is measured as
LC50 (mg/kg feed)
in fish toxicity is measured as
LC50 (mg/L H2O)
definition of acute toxicity
effect of a single dose or multiple doses over 24 hours
definition of subacute toxicity
effect produced by daily exposure from one day to 30 days
definition of subchronic toxicity
effect exposed from daily exposure from 30 to 90 days
definition of chronic toxicity
effect produced by daily exposure from 3 months or more
toxicity of any substance is influenced by what factors?
species, breed, individual, sex, age, dosage of poison, duration of exposure, idiosyncrasies
chronicity factor is the ratio between:
acute LD50 & chronic LD50
rapidly metabolized compounds will have a low/high chronicity factor
low
development of tolerance due to increased metabolism will increase/decrease the chronicity factor
decrease
compounds with a cumulative effect will have a high/low chronicity factor
high
a chronicity factor >2 indicates a
relatively cumulative toxin
definition of HNTD
highest nontoxic dose; does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations
definition of MTD
maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose
definition of toxic dose low
lowest dose that produces toxic alterations; administering twice this dose will not cause death
definition of toxic dose high
dose that produces toxic alterations; administering twice this dose will cause death
definition of no effect level
maximum nontoxic level; does not cause death, illness, or toxic alterations
definition of lethal dose
dose that causes death, alive or not, no in between
LD0
highest dose that does not cause any death
LD50
dose that kills 50% of animals in a group
LD100
dose that kills all the animals in the group
definition of hazard
danger from possibility of exposure
