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Clinical Chemistry > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

binds to hgb 200-225x more than 02
results in tissue hypoxia & anoxia
leftward shift in o2 dissociation curve

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2
Q

CO specimen

A

EDTA whole blood

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3
Q

Cadmium

A

significant environmental pollutant
ingestion & inhalation
toxic to the kidney tubules

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4
Q

cadmium lab result

A

proteinuria
glucouria
aminoaciduria

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5
Q

cadmium analysis

A

whole blood or urine by atomic absorption

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6
Q

Lead general

A

long half life in blood, tissue, & bone

leads to anemia, GI tract, CNS damage & renal disease

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7
Q

lead inhibits:

A

delta-aminoleuvlinic acid dehydrase (ALA)
ferrochelatse
hinders vit D active forms

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8
Q

lead specimen

A

whole blood or urine & hair

atomic absorption or anodic stripping voltammetry

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9
Q

caustic agents

A

strong acids or bases in household or occupations
inhalation - pulmonary shock, edema, rapid death
ingestion - lesions in esophagus & GI tract, perforations, hematemesis, abdominal pain & shock
results in metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

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10
Q

Cyanide

A

used in industry
inhale, ingest or absorb through skin
home insulation fire produces CO & cyanide gas

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11
Q

cyanide mechanism

A

cyanide binds to heme iron, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, depletes cell ATP levels

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12
Q

cyanide methods

A

assay by ISE on blood, & spectro methods for thiocyanate in urine

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13
Q

pesticides

A

organophosphates & carbamates inhibit acetylcholinesterase in insects & humans

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14
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

degrades acetylcholine so it can activate the nerve impulse again
when it is inhibited the acetylcholine is not reduced & nerve is static

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15
Q

Acetaminophen

A

overdoses untreated go to hepatic toxicity & necrosis

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16
Q

acetaminophen & liver

A

detoxified by liver MFO system & is saturated -> see depletion of glutathione & increase free radical formation & damages cells

17
Q

Amphetamines clinical use

A

used for narcolepsy & attention-deficit disorder

riddalin

18
Q

amphetamine effects

A

initial sense of mental & physical capabilities beyond normal
then feelings of irritability & psychosis

19
Q

amphetamine overdose

A

hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, paranoia & death

20
Q

amphetamine cross-reacts w/

A

over the counter meds : ephedrine, pseudoephedrine & phenylpropanolamine
problems during immunoassays

21
Q

Anabolic steroids chronic use

A

toxic hepatitis, accelerated atherosclerosis, abnormal plt aggregation (stroke, AMI) enlargement of heart muscle w/o necessary vascularization
sudden death
testicular atrophy, sterility & impotence

22
Q

screening for anabolic steroids

A

look for ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone T/E ratio

23
Q

elevated T/E ratio

A

means exogenous testosterone present

24
Q

cannabinoid active ingredient

A

THC
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
lipid soluble- slow to eliminate

25
Q

cocaine effects

A

CNS stimulate
euphoria
increased alertness
toxicity: hypertension (stroke), arrhythmias, seizures, MI

26
Q

cocaine metabolism

A

half life is 30 mins-1 hr

metabolized by liver hydrolysis (!)

27
Q

cocaine analysis

A

look for benzoylecgonine metabolite in urine

28
Q

opiates

A

natural: opium, morphine, codeine
chemically modified: heroin, hydromorphine, oxycodone
synthetic: merperidine, methadone, propoxyphen, pentazocine, fentanyl

29
Q

antidote for opiate overdose

A

naloxone

30
Q

opiate effects

A

pain relief

acute toxicity: decreased respiratory rate, MYOGLOBINURIA, CARDIAC DAMAGE

31
Q

Barbiturates

A

CNS depressants, sedative hypnotics

lethargy & slurred speech followed by respiratory depression & hypotension

32
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

act on CNS to potentate GABA

overdose - lethargy & slurred speech followed by respiratory depression & hypotension

Clinical Chemistry (23 decks)

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