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Clinical Chemistry > Total Protein Lecture > Flashcards

Total Protein Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Protein characteristics

A

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen & oxygen
peptide bonds between the NH2 & the carboxyl group of 2 amino acids
zwitterion/ ampholytic property
~16% nitrogen

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2
Q

Zwitterion/ampholytic property

A

can take on a negative or positive charge depending on the pH being above or below an isoelectric point of the amino acid (pI)

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3
Q

Protein structure

A

primary - chain
secondary- pleated sheets & alpha helix
tertiary
quaternary- multi protein complex

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4
Q

Cellular protein synthesis

A

stimulating hormone acts on an active metabolite which will act on the nucleus & stimulate production of mRNA for certain protein to either be packaged and sent to other cells or remain in the cell

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5
Q

PKU aminoacidopathy

A

lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase -> build up of phenylalanine in the blood and can cause mental retardation in children & damages the brain

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6
Q

Tyrosinemia aminoacidopathy -3 types

A 
type 1: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
type 2: tyrosine aminotransferase (most common) - build of tyrosine that can be damaging to a child's development
type 3 (rare): 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
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7
Q

Alkaptonuria aaminoacidopathy

A

lack homogentisate oxidase & causes an accumulation of HGA & when urine is exposed to the atmosphere it will turn black (very dark)

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8
Q

Maple Syrup Disease (MSUD) aminoacidopathy

A

decreased or absent branched chain a-ketoacid decarboxylase
this enzyme is important in metabolizing branched chain amino acids & causes them to build up & be excreted through the urine & smells like maple syrup

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9
Q

Isovaleric Acidemia aminoacidopathy

A

isovaleryl-Co-A dehydrogenase

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10
Q

Homocystinuria aminoacidopathy

A

cystathionine-beta-synthetase w/o this enzyme you can get a build up of the precursor

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11
Q

Citrullinemia aminoacidopathy

A

type 1: argininosuccinic acid synthetase

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12
Q

Argininosuccinic Aciduria aminoacidopathy

A

lack of arginosuccinic acid lyase

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13
Q

Cystinuria aminoacidopathy

A

defect in amino acid transport system so that kidneys do not filter cystine & precipitates in the urine

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14
Q

Protein Functions

A 
energy
osmotic force - albumin
acid-base balance
transport
antibodies
hormones
enzymes
hemostasis
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15
Q

total protein

A

range: 6.4-8.3 g/dL
2 groups:
albumin & globular proteins
other tissue proteins should not normally be found in the blood

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16
Q

Albumin general

A

3.4-5.0 g/dL
most abundant serum protein
transport protein
osmotic balance

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17
Q

globulin general

A

2.5-4.2 g/dL

many specific proteins in this group, differentiated from electrophoresis

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18
Q

Pre-albumin (Transthyretin)

A

transport protein for T4 & T3

binds retinol-binding protein to transport vitA (special interest to nutritionists)

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19
Q

Albumin (specific)

A

small protein w/ highest concentration in the body
80% of colloid osmotic pressure
buffers pH
negative acute phase reactant (decreases during stress/inflammation)

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20
Q

alpha 1 globulins

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)
alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP)
alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)
alpha-1-antichymotrypsin

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21
Q

alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)

A

inhibits neutrophil elastase (Protease)

increased in acute phase reaction, pregnancy, & contraception meds

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22
Q

alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

synthesized in the embryonic development
binds to estradiol
low AFP in mom can indicate Down’s syndrome

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23
Q

alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)

A

acute phase reactant

elevated in stress, inflammation AMI etc etc

24
Q

alpha-1-antichymotrypsin

A

inhibits enzymes CHYMOTRYPSIN, cathespin G, pancreatic elastase etc
acute phase reaction

25
alpha 2 globulin proteins
Gc-globulin (vitD binding protein) haptoglobin ceruloplasmin alpha-2-macroglobulin
26
Gc-globulin (vitD binding protein)
alpha 2 globulin | carries vit D, fatty acids & endotoxins
27
Haptoglobin
alpha 2 globulin acute phase reactant BINDS TO HEMOGLOBIN increased in inflammation etcetc
28
Ceruloplasmin
alpha 2 globulin acute phase reactant w/ 8 copper attached causes Wilson's disease
29
alpha-2-macroglobulin
major component of alpha 2 band | inhibits trypsin, thrombin, etc etc (inhibits coag factors)
30
beta globulin proteins
``` transferrin hemopexin lipoproteins beta-2-microglobulin complement fibrinogen C-reactive protein ```
31
Transferrin
``` beta globulin negative acute phase reactant transports iron (fe3+) increased in anemia, hemochromatosis decreased in malnutrition, liver disease, kidney loss ```
32
Hemopexin
beta globulin acute phase reactant scavenges heme back to liver for degradation & iron recovery increased in inflammation etc, muscular dystrophy
33
beta-2-microglobulin
small concentrations | surface of nucleated cells & lymphocytes
34
complement proteins
beta region | C3 & C4 increases in inflammation
35
Fibrinogen
falls between beta & gamma on electrophoresis | should not see fibrinogen if serum is used only if plasma is used
36
C-reactive protein
beta protein acute phase reactant increases in atherosclerosis >3mg/L = cardiovascular disease & diabetes
37
Hs (high sensitivity) CRP
same protein as CRP <1 mg/L - early stages of CV disease marker for looking at risk of CV disease w/ lipid levels
38
Immunoglobulins
gamma globulins b-cells synthesis IgG/IgA/IgM etc etc
39
Myoglobin
coontains heme, carries O2 to muscles | increases 1st in AMI & will only see in the blood after an AMI
40
troponin
cardiac forms are used to detect AMI better than CK-MB | cTnT & cTnI
41
Brain natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
marker for congestive heart failure found in left ventricular myocytes functions to lower blood pressure during a fluid overload
42
Cystatin C
cysteine proteinase inhibitor used to monitor glomerular filtration rate when GRF is low=cystatin C increases in the blood
43
Amyloid
insoluble fibrous protein abnormal deposits leading to organ failure low amyloid b42 & high Tau reflects increased likelihood of patient having alzheimers reverse means dementia
44
hyperproteinemia
when total protein values are increased most commonly caused by dehydration excessive synthesis - gamma globulins
45
hypoproteinemia
``` when total protein values are decreased primarily a loss of albumin & protein loss lack of protein intake liver disease immunodeficiency disease increased breakdown of proteins ```
46
Protein analyzer methods
``` Kjeldahl method biuret method for total protein refractory method for urines electrophoresis - semi quantitative nephlometry - very quantitative colored dyes for albumin, BCP, BCG ```
47
Biuret reaction
copper ion in alkaline solution binds to at least 2 peptides complex is colored & read by spectrophotometer @ 540 nm copper must be in the CU 2+ state high lipids may interfere w/ assay specificity
48
refractory measurement
protein in a solution will refract light used on urines & fluid proteins not as accurate so not used for serum interference: elevated glucose, urea, bilirubin, lipids
49
electrophoresis
``` separation of proteins based on electric charge, size & densities negative protein (at pH of 8.6) moves towards positive end (anode) gel is removed, soaked in dye, washed & bands are read in a densitometer ```
50
beta-gamma bridge
often seen in hepatitis where the beta band & the gamma band meld together & are increased
51
Nephlometry
specific antibodies to a specific protein are used to form Ag-Ab complexes standard curves are used to calculate the concentration of the specific protein looks at light scatter @ 90 degree angle reads out in mg/dL
52
Urinary protein
dipstick protein needs 6 mg/dL or more to change color albumin tamm-horsfall protein from tubules
53
Microalbumin
less than 30 mg/day | used in diabetics to monitor renal function
54
CSF protein
15-45 mg/dL | blood-brain barrier damage leads to increased protein in CSF
55
CSF protein electrophoresis
used to detect multiple sclerosis | abnormal CSF for MS shows distinctive IgG & IgA bands in the gamma region
56
Acute phase reactant proteins
``` Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) alpha-1-antichymotrypsin Haptoglobin Ceruloplasmin hemopexin C reactive protein ```
57
Negative acute phase reactant proteins
Pre-albumin (transthyretin), Albumin | transferrin

Clinical Chemistry (23 decks)

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