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Clinical Chemistry > Total Protein Lecture > Flashcards

Total Protein Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Protein characteristics

A

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen & oxygen
peptide bonds between the NH2 & the carboxyl group of 2 amino acids
zwitterion/ ampholytic property
~16% nitrogen

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2
Q

Zwitterion/ampholytic property

A

can take on a negative or positive charge depending on the pH being above or below an isoelectric point of the amino acid (pI)

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3
Q

Protein structure

A

primary - chain
secondary- pleated sheets & alpha helix
tertiary
quaternary- multi protein complex

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4
Q

Cellular protein synthesis

A

stimulating hormone acts on an active metabolite which will act on the nucleus & stimulate production of mRNA for certain protein to either be packaged and sent to other cells or remain in the cell

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5
Q

PKU aminoacidopathy

A

lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase -> build up of phenylalanine in the blood and can cause mental retardation in children & damages the brain

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6
Q

Tyrosinemia aminoacidopathy -3 types

A 
type 1: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
type 2: tyrosine aminotransferase (most common) - build of tyrosine that can be damaging to a child's development
type 3 (rare): 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
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7
Q

Alkaptonuria aaminoacidopathy

A

lack homogentisate oxidase & causes an accumulation of HGA & when urine is exposed to the atmosphere it will turn black (very dark)

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8
Q

Maple Syrup Disease (MSUD) aminoacidopathy

A

decreased or absent branched chain a-ketoacid decarboxylase
this enzyme is important in metabolizing branched chain amino acids & causes them to build up & be excreted through the urine & smells like maple syrup

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9
Q

Isovaleric Acidemia aminoacidopathy

A

isovaleryl-Co-A dehydrogenase

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10
Q

Homocystinuria aminoacidopathy

A

cystathionine-beta-synthetase w/o this enzyme you can get a build up of the precursor

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11
Q

Citrullinemia aminoacidopathy

A

type 1: argininosuccinic acid synthetase

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12
Q

Argininosuccinic Aciduria aminoacidopathy

A

lack of arginosuccinic acid lyase

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13
Q

Cystinuria aminoacidopathy

A

defect in amino acid transport system so that kidneys do not filter cystine & precipitates in the urine

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14
Q

Protein Functions

A 
energy
osmotic force - albumin
acid-base balance
transport
antibodies
hormones
enzymes
hemostasis
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15
Q

total protein

A

range: 6.4-8.3 g/dL
2 groups:
albumin & globular proteins
other tissue proteins should not normally be found in the blood

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16
Q

Albumin general

A

3.4-5.0 g/dL
most abundant serum protein
transport protein
osmotic balance

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17
Q

globulin general

A

2.5-4.2 g/dL

many specific proteins in this group, differentiated from electrophoresis

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18
Q

Pre-albumin (Transthyretin)

A

transport protein for T4 & T3

binds retinol-binding protein to transport vitA (special interest to nutritionists)

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19
Q

Albumin (specific)

A

small protein w/ highest concentration in the body
80% of colloid osmotic pressure
buffers pH
negative acute phase reactant (decreases during stress/inflammation)

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20
Q

alpha 1 globulins

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)
alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP)
alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)
alpha-1-antichymotrypsin

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21
Q

alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)

A

inhibits neutrophil elastase (Protease)

increased in acute phase reaction, pregnancy, & contraception meds

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22
Q

alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

synthesized in the embryonic development
binds to estradiol
low AFP in mom can indicate Down’s syndrome

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23
Q

alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)

A

acute phase reactant

elevated in stress, inflammation AMI etc etc

24
Q

alpha-1-antichymotrypsin

A

inhibits enzymes CHYMOTRYPSIN, cathespin G, pancreatic elastase etc
acute phase reaction

25
Q

alpha 2 globulin proteins

A

Gc-globulin (vitD binding protein)
haptoglobin
ceruloplasmin
alpha-2-macroglobulin

26
Q

Gc-globulin (vitD binding protein)

A

alpha 2 globulin

carries vit D, fatty acids & endotoxins

27
Q

Haptoglobin

A

alpha 2 globulin
acute phase reactant
BINDS TO HEMOGLOBIN
increased in inflammation etcetc

28
Q

Ceruloplasmin

A

alpha 2 globulin
acute phase reactant w/ 8 copper attached
causes Wilson’s disease

29
Q

alpha-2-macroglobulin

A

major component of alpha 2 band

inhibits trypsin, thrombin, etc etc (inhibits coag factors)

30
Q

beta globulin proteins

A 
transferrin 
hemopexin
lipoproteins
beta-2-microglobulin
complement
fibrinogen
C-reactive protein
31
Q

Transferrin

A 
beta globulin
negative acute phase reactant
transports iron (fe3+)
increased in anemia, hemochromatosis
decreased in malnutrition, liver disease, kidney loss
32
Q

Hemopexin

A

beta globulin
acute phase reactant
scavenges heme back to liver for degradation & iron recovery
increased in inflammation etc, muscular dystrophy

33
Q

beta-2-microglobulin

A

small concentrations

surface of nucleated cells & lymphocytes

34
Q

complement proteins

A

beta region

C3 & C4 increases in inflammation

35
Q

Fibrinogen

A

falls between beta & gamma on electrophoresis

should not see fibrinogen if serum is used only if plasma is used

36
Q

C-reactive protein

A

beta protein
acute phase reactant
increases in atherosclerosis
>3mg/L = cardiovascular disease & diabetes

37
Q

Hs (high sensitivity) CRP

A

same protein as CRP
<1 mg/L - early stages of CV disease
marker for looking at risk of CV disease w/ lipid levels

38
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

gamma globulins
b-cells synthesis
IgG/IgA/IgM etc etc

39
Q

Myoglobin

A

coontains heme, carries O2 to muscles

increases 1st in AMI & will only see in the blood after an AMI

40
Q

troponin

A

cardiac forms are used to detect AMI better than CK-MB

cTnT & cTnI

41
Q

Brain natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

A

marker for congestive heart failure
found in left ventricular myocytes
functions to lower blood pressure during a fluid overload

42
Q

Cystatin C

A

cysteine proteinase inhibitor
used to monitor glomerular filtration rate
when GRF is low=cystatin C increases in the blood

43
Q

Amyloid

A

insoluble fibrous protein
abnormal deposits leading to organ failure
low amyloid b42 & high Tau reflects increased likelihood of patient having alzheimers
reverse means dementia

44
Q

hyperproteinemia

A

when total protein values are increased
most commonly caused by dehydration
excessive synthesis - gamma globulins

45
Q

hypoproteinemia

A 
when total protein values are decreased
primarily a loss of albumin & protein loss
lack of protein intake
liver disease
immunodeficiency disease
increased breakdown of proteins
46
Q

Protein analyzer methods

A 
Kjeldahl method
biuret method for total protein
refractory method for urines
electrophoresis - semi quantitative
nephlometry - very quantitative
colored dyes for albumin, BCP, BCG
47
Q

Biuret reaction

A

copper ion in alkaline solution binds to at least 2 peptides
complex is colored & read by spectrophotometer @ 540 nm
copper must be in the CU 2+ state
high lipids may interfere w/ assay specificity

48
Q

refractory measurement

A

protein in a solution will refract light
used on urines & fluid proteins
not as accurate so not used for serum
interference: elevated glucose, urea, bilirubin, lipids

49
Q

electrophoresis

A 
separation of proteins based on electric charge, size & densities
negative protein (at pH of 8.6) moves towards positive end (anode)
gel is removed, soaked in dye, washed & bands are read in a densitometer
50
Q

beta-gamma bridge

A

often seen in hepatitis where the beta band & the gamma band meld together & are increased

51
Q

Nephlometry

A

specific antibodies to a specific protein are used to form Ag-Ab complexes
standard curves are used to calculate the concentration of the specific protein
looks at light scatter @ 90 degree angle
reads out in mg/dL

52
Q

Urinary protein

A

dipstick protein needs 6 mg/dL or more to change color
albumin
tamm-horsfall protein from tubules

53
Q

Microalbumin

A

less than 30 mg/day

used in diabetics to monitor renal function

54
Q

CSF protein

A

15-45 mg/dL

blood-brain barrier damage leads to increased protein in CSF

55
Q

CSF protein electrophoresis

A

used to detect multiple sclerosis

abnormal CSF for MS shows distinctive IgG & IgA bands in the gamma region

56
Q

Acute phase reactant proteins

A 
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)
alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)
alpha-1-antichymotrypsin
Haptoglobin
Ceruloplasmin
hemopexin
C reactive protein
57
Q

Negative acute phase reactant proteins

A

Pre-albumin (transthyretin), Albumin

transferrin

Clinical Chemistry (23 decks)

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