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Cardiac Function Flashcards

1
Q

heart anatomy

A

2 atriums & 2 ventricles
tricuspid valve & mitral valve
3 layers of fibrous membrane

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2
Q

tricuspid valve

A

separates right atrium from right ventricle

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3
Q

mitral valve

A

separates left atrium from left ventricle

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4
Q

visceral pericardium

A

inner layer of pericardium

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5
Q

perietal percardium

A

outer layer of pericardium

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6
Q

pericardium fluid

A

fluid between layers

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7
Q

3 layers of heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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8
Q

epicardium

A

outer layer of heart wall

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9
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer, striated muscle fibers, has actin, myosin & troponin as well as myoglobin in this layer
enzymes CK-MB & LD isoenzymes LD1 & LD2 are found here

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10
Q

damage to the myocardium results in what?

A

troponin
CK-MB
LD isoenzymes into serum

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11
Q

Dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

symptom of heart disease

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12
Q

Chest pain

A

gamete from angina to crushing pain

symptom of heart disease

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13
Q

Palpitations

A

thumping to flip-flops, heart to catch these for evaluations
symptom of heart disease

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14
Q

Syncope

A

fainting, loss of consciousness

symptom of heart disease

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15
Q

Edema

A

swelling of tissues, legs, eyes, abdomen, chest wall (especially for congestive heart failure)
symptom of heart disease

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16
Q

Cyanosis

A

bluish color of fingernails, lips, non-02 blood

symptom of heart disease

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17
Q

symptoms of heart disease

A 
Dyspnea
chest pain
palpitations
syncope
edema
cyanosis
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18
Q

5 categories of cardiac diseases

A 
Congenital cardiovascular diseases
heart failure
acute coronary syndrome
hypertensive heart disease 
infective heart disease
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19
Q

Congenital heart disease

A

congenital cardiovascular defects= CCVD

defects range from heart walls, valves, artery & veins crisscrossing etc

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20
Q

symptoms of congenital heart disease

A

cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension, clubbing of fingers, embolisms, reduced growth, & syncope (fainting)

21
Q

development of congenital heart defects

A

most defects are multi-factorial & include some environmental factors
infants develop heart w/in first 10 weeks of pregnancy & pick up on infants a few weeks after birth

22
Q

CCVDs

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

VSD

23
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

transposition of arteries, atrio ventricular septa defects, coartction of the aorta, hypoplastic left heart syndrome
ventricular septa defects (most common)

24
Q

VSD

A

hole between 2 ventricles, leads to hypertrophy, increased pulmonary pressure, blood shunted away from aorta
decreased output

25
tests for CCVD
increased catecholamines & salt water retention do FISH tests for DNA mutations
26
Heart failure
when any structural or functional cardiac disorder impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill & eject blood
27
common causes of HF
``` coronary artery disease (CAD) cardiomyopathies (thickening of ventricle walls) inflammatory heart diseases valvular disease cardiac arrhythmias ```
28
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
events: | angina-> reversible tissue injury -> unstable angina -> MI -> extensive heart tissue necrosis
29
Acute coronary syndrome symptoms
chest pain, referred pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, diaphoresis, light headed typical 'heart attack' symptoms
30
major causes of acute coronary syndrome
atherosclerosis or inflammation involving cholesterol, bacteria, hyperlipidemia, glycosylated products from diabetes &/or inflammatory cytokines
31
ischemia
tissue gets destroyed via 02 deprivation
32
Factors predisposing to atherosclerosis
``` age gender = women have increased HDL & decreased risk until menopause family history dyslipidemia smoking hypertension sedentary lifestyles diabetes mellitus ```
33
3 possible aliments w/ ischemia
congestive heart failure angina pectoris myocardial infarction
34
Angina pectoris
pain due to ischemia, not all chest pain is angina pectoris though
35
stable angina
reversible if addressed early, stops when activity stops
36
unstable angina
progressive; pain at rest & unpredictable, can lead to AMI, plague ruptures, throw clots
37
Hypertension statistics
1 in 3 US citizens has high blood pressure @ 60 >50% @ 70 >75%
38
Hypertension
systolic > 140 mmHg | diastolic > 90 mmHg
39
Hypertension contributing factors
obesity lack of physical activity unhealthy nutritional habits genetic predisposition
40
Hypertensive heart disease includes:
left ventricular hypertrophy coronary artery disease (CAD) congestive heart disease (CHF) - due to increased blood pressure
41
Hypertensive heart disease & optic nerve
blood pressure change can squeeze the optic nerve & can cause blindness
42
Blood pressure & cardiovascular disease
Hypertension can cause cardiac disease even if you have no other heart issues or risk factors if it is not addressed
43
mechanism of hypertension & heart disease
peripheral resistance to blood flow determines blood pressure. when resistance increases, it leads to hypertrophy of ventricle & dilation affects mitral value & get blood regurgitation into left atrium overtimem atrium becomes enlarged & dilated as well
44
Infective heart disease
Rheumatic heart disease - complications of group A beta-hemolytic strep, the autoimmune response infective endocarditis pericarditis
45
Laboratory diagnosis of heart disease
measure heart affect on other organs (liver, kidney, lungs) blood gases for acid-base status electrolytes & osmolality - for edema, cardiac output & monitoring diuretic enzymes: AST, ALT, ALP for increases in chronic ventricular failure GGT (2x in CHF) lipids -Lp(a), LDL, HDL 2nd heart failure to thyroid CBC, WBC troponin
46
Cardiac Markers of Inflammation
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein - generally nonspecific; predictive for CAD PAPP-A lipoprotein associated w/ phospholipase A2
47
PAPP-A
pregnancy associated plasma protein A | zinc-binding protein in pregnancy, found in unstable atherosclerosis plagues, ACS conditions
48
Marker for congestive heart disease
BNP(!!), ANP, CNP | NT-proBNP

Clinical Chemistry (23 decks)

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