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Clinical Chemistry > Cardiac Function > Flashcards

Cardiac Function Flashcards

1
Q

heart anatomy

A

2 atriums & 2 ventricles
tricuspid valve & mitral valve
3 layers of fibrous membrane

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2
Q

tricuspid valve

A

separates right atrium from right ventricle

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3
Q

mitral valve

A

separates left atrium from left ventricle

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4
Q

visceral pericardium

A

inner layer of pericardium

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5
Q

perietal percardium

A

outer layer of pericardium

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6
Q

pericardium fluid

A

fluid between layers

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7
Q

3 layers of heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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8
Q

epicardium

A

outer layer of heart wall

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9
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer, striated muscle fibers, has actin, myosin & troponin as well as myoglobin in this layer
enzymes CK-MB & LD isoenzymes LD1 & LD2 are found here

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10
Q

damage to the myocardium results in what?

A

troponin
CK-MB
LD isoenzymes into serum

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11
Q

Dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

symptom of heart disease

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12
Q

Chest pain

A

gamete from angina to crushing pain

symptom of heart disease

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13
Q

Palpitations

A

thumping to flip-flops, heart to catch these for evaluations
symptom of heart disease

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14
Q

Syncope

A

fainting, loss of consciousness

symptom of heart disease

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15
Q

Edema

A

swelling of tissues, legs, eyes, abdomen, chest wall (especially for congestive heart failure)
symptom of heart disease

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16
Q

Cyanosis

A

bluish color of fingernails, lips, non-02 blood

symptom of heart disease

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17
Q

symptoms of heart disease

A 
Dyspnea
chest pain
palpitations
syncope
edema
cyanosis
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18
Q

5 categories of cardiac diseases

A 
Congenital cardiovascular diseases
heart failure
acute coronary syndrome
hypertensive heart disease 
infective heart disease
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19
Q

Congenital heart disease

A

congenital cardiovascular defects= CCVD

defects range from heart walls, valves, artery & veins crisscrossing etc

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20
Q

symptoms of congenital heart disease

A

cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension, clubbing of fingers, embolisms, reduced growth, & syncope (fainting)

21
Q

development of congenital heart defects

A

most defects are multi-factorial & include some environmental factors
infants develop heart w/in first 10 weeks of pregnancy & pick up on infants a few weeks after birth

22
Q

CCVDs

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

VSD

23
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

transposition of arteries, atrio ventricular septa defects, coartction of the aorta, hypoplastic left heart syndrome
ventricular septa defects (most common)

24
Q

VSD

A

hole between 2 ventricles, leads to hypertrophy, increased pulmonary pressure, blood shunted away from aorta
decreased output

25
Q

tests for CCVD

A

increased catecholamines & salt
water retention
do FISH tests for DNA mutations

26
Q

Heart failure

A

when any structural or functional cardiac disorder impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill & eject blood

27
Q

common causes of HF

A 
coronary artery disease (CAD)
cardiomyopathies (thickening of ventricle walls)
inflammatory heart diseases
valvular disease
cardiac arrhythmias
28
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A

events:

angina-> reversible tissue injury -> unstable angina -> MI -> extensive heart tissue necrosis

29
Q

Acute coronary syndrome symptoms

A

chest pain, referred pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, diaphoresis, light headed
typical ‘heart attack’ symptoms

30
Q

major causes of acute coronary syndrome

A

atherosclerosis or inflammation involving cholesterol, bacteria, hyperlipidemia, glycosylated products from diabetes &/or inflammatory cytokines

31
Q

ischemia

A

tissue gets destroyed via 02 deprivation

32
Q

Factors predisposing to atherosclerosis

A 
age
gender = women have increased HDL & decreased risk until menopause
family history
dyslipidemia
smoking
hypertension
sedentary lifestyles
diabetes mellitus
33
Q

3 possible aliments w/ ischemia

A

congestive heart failure
angina pectoris
myocardial infarction

34
Q

Angina pectoris

A

pain due to ischemia, not all chest pain is angina pectoris though

35
Q

stable angina

A

reversible if addressed early, stops when activity stops

36
Q

unstable angina

A

progressive; pain at rest & unpredictable, can lead to AMI, plague ruptures, throw clots

37
Q

Hypertension statistics

A

1 in 3 US citizens has high blood pressure
@ 60 >50%
@ 70 >75%

38
Q

Hypertension

A

systolic > 140 mmHg

diastolic > 90 mmHg

39
Q

Hypertension contributing factors

A

obesity
lack of physical activity
unhealthy nutritional habits
genetic predisposition

40
Q

Hypertensive heart disease includes:

A

left ventricular hypertrophy
coronary artery disease (CAD)
congestive heart disease (CHF) - due to increased blood pressure

41
Q

Hypertensive heart disease & optic nerve

A

blood pressure change can squeeze the optic nerve & can cause blindness

42
Q

Blood pressure & cardiovascular disease

A

Hypertension can cause cardiac disease even if you have no other heart issues or risk factors if it is not addressed

43
Q

mechanism of hypertension & heart disease

A

peripheral resistance to blood flow determines blood pressure. when resistance increases, it leads to hypertrophy of ventricle & dilation
affects mitral value & get blood regurgitation into left atrium
overtimem atrium becomes enlarged & dilated as well

44
Q

Infective heart disease

A

Rheumatic heart disease - complications of group A beta-hemolytic strep, the autoimmune response
infective endocarditis
pericarditis

45
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of heart disease

A

measure heart affect on other organs (liver, kidney, lungs)
blood gases for acid-base status
electrolytes & osmolality - for edema, cardiac output & monitoring diuretic
enzymes: AST, ALT, ALP for increases in chronic ventricular failure
GGT (2x in CHF)
lipids -Lp(a), LDL, HDL
2nd heart failure to thyroid
CBC, WBC
troponin

46
Q

Cardiac Markers of Inflammation

A

high-sensitivity C-reactive protein - generally nonspecific; predictive for CAD
PAPP-A
lipoprotein associated w/ phospholipase A2

47
Q

PAPP-A

A

pregnancy associated plasma protein A

zinc-binding protein in pregnancy, found in unstable atherosclerosis plagues, ACS conditions

48
Q

Marker for congestive heart disease

A

BNP(!!), ANP, CNP

NT-proBNP

Clinical Chemistry (23 decks)

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