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Clinical Chemistry > Metals > Flashcards

Metals Flashcards

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1
Q

Arsenic

A

toxic metal, nonessential element

no known biologic function in humans

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2
Q

arsenic exposure

A

environmental & toxic
acute poisoning = blood level 600-9300 ug/L
chronic poisoning= blood level 100-500 ug/L

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3
Q

acute arsenic toxicity symptoms

A

GI nausea, abdomen pain, diarrhea

affects bone marrow, decreases plts, anemia, CV system, renal insufficiency, liver (hepatitis)

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4
Q

chronic arsenic toxicity symptoms

A

dermatologic & hepatic symptoms

affects CV, CNS, & causes malignant changes

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5
Q

Arsenic methods

A

prefer urine sample

ICP-MS, AAS, GFAAS

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6
Q

Lead methods

A

use whole blood & urine

ICP-MS, Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) or erythrocyte protoporphyrins, AAS

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7
Q

Mercury methods

A

blood & urine samples

ICP-MS, cold vapor AAS

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8
Q

Blood & urine ranges for Mercury

A

blood: 0-60 ug/dL
urine: 0-15 ug/day
toxic urine: >150 ug/L

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9
Q

Lead (Pb) exposure

A

environmental toxic metal
paint chips & former gasoline additive
lead paint on toys from china

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10
Q

Lead absorption

A

absorb through lungs & GI tract
inhaled Pb : 30-40% –> binds 94% to hemoglobin & 6% in plasma
Pb half-life is 2-3 weeks in whole blood

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11
Q

Lead excretion

A

urine: 76%
feces: 16%
hair, nails, sweat etc: 8%

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12
Q

Lead toxicity

A

children are most susceptible
> 60 ug/dL is toxic
GI & CNS symptoms: pain, colic, constipation, headache, seizures, clumsiness
acute: occupational or asian herbal supplements
chronic: motor weakness, chronic renal insufficiency, anemia, etc

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13
Q

Mercury General

A

general uses: antibacterial agent, preservative, disinfectant, pesticide, paint, batteries, photographic reagent
no known human need for mercury - toxic metal
used in HgCl as diuretic
vaccine preservative
dental fillings

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14
Q

Mercury metabolism

A

5-90 days in body depending on type & intake route ( can get in major organs & glands)
can cross blood-brain barrier & placenta (!)
toxicity is due from interaction w/ sulfhydryl group

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15
Q

Mercury toxicity symptoms

A

headache, tremor, impaired coordination, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, proteinuria, hepatic dysfunciton

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16
Q

Mercury urine screen

A

called Reinsch test
copper coil in urine w/ HCl, cook for 45 min
metal deposits on coil
mercury on coil looks silvery & shiny

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17
Q

Copper general

A

needed for biochemistry of # of enzymes & clotting factor V
metalloenzyme to :
ceruloplasmin - major copper enzyme
SOD, cytochrome C oxidase, tyrosinase, metallothionein, dopamin-B-hydroxylase

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18
Q

Copper range

A

serum: 700-1500 ug/L
urine: 15-60 ug/24 hr
RBC copper: 90-150 ug/L
50-120 mg in body
high concentrations in liver, brain, heart & kidneys

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19
Q

Copper deficiency

A

malabsorption, malnutrition, chronic diarrhea
signs: osteoporosis, neutropenia, decreased pigmentation, neurologic abnormalities
MENKES kinky hair syndrome

20
Q

Copper toxicity

A

Wilson’s disease (!) - neurologic disorder, liver dysfunction, Kayser-Fleischer rings in the cornea
treat toxicity w/ chelation therapy

21
Q

Iron general

A

needed for enzymes, hemoglobin, myoglobin, peroxidase, cytochromes etc

22
Q

Iron range

A

3-5 grams

2-2.5 g in hemoglobin

23
Q

Iron Absorption

A

10% of 1g/day is absorbed through the GI from diet

24
Q

Iron transport

A

transferrin

25
Q

Iron excretion

A

urine & feces

26
Q

Iron deficiency

A

iron deficient anemia - 15% worldwide

27
Q

Iron Toxicity

A

iron overload: hemochromatosis seen in diabetes, cirrhosis, hypothyoid, liver cancer
iron as pro-oxidant : lipid peroxidation, atherosclerosis, DNA damage, carcinogenesis, neurodegenerative disease

28
Q

Iron analysis

A

Serum iron, TIBC, % saturation, transferrin, ferritin

29
Q

Manganese general

A

Mn is essential trace metal: biological functions include-
Mn containing enzymes ( arginase, pyruvate carboxylase, Mn super oxide dismutase)
Mn-activating enzymes (hydrolases, kinases, decarboxylases & transferases)
linked to Fe absorption by the GI (only 2-15% absorbed from small intestine due to effects of iron, cadmium, phophates & fiber)

30
Q

Manganese Toxicity

A

symptoms: nausea, vomiting, headache, memory loss, compulsion to cry/laugh
acute: chilean miners madness
chronic: similar to parkinson’s disease w/ akinesia, rigidity, tremors, masklike face

31
Q

Manganese deficiency

A

dermatitis, blood clotting defects, hypocholesterolemia

low Mn seen in epilepsy, joint defects, hip abnormalities, heart & bone problems

32
Q

Manganese methods & ranges

A

ICP-MS, GFAAS, NAA

serum: 0.43-0.76 ug/L
urine: <2.0 ug/L
blood: 10-11 ug/L

33
Q

Zinc general

A

essential metal
biologically important for:
activating enzymes (LD, transferases, hydrolases, isomerases, ligases, & lyases)
activating enzymes in insulin & growth factor
critical for wound healing growth, sexual maturation
maintains cell membrane structure
participates in glycolysis & cholesterol metabolism
important to senses of smell & taste

34
Q

Zinc distribution in the body

A

80% in RBC

17% in plasma

35
Q

Zinc absorption

A

diet:
need animal protein, unsaturated fatty acids, intake of calcium
decreased absorption: iron, empty stomach, copper, age

36
Q

Zinc excretion

A

90% out of feces

37
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

symptoms: growth retardation, slow skeletal maturation, testicular atrophy, reduces taste perception
acrodermatitis enteropathica: Zn malabsorption

38
Q

Zinc toxicity

A

relatively non-toxic except at high doses

‘zinc fume fever’

39
Q

Zinc range

A

blood: 70-120 ug/dL
urine: 140-800 ug/day
RBC have 10x zinc level in plasma

40
Q

Zinc methods

A

AAS, ICP-MS, ICP-AES

low serum & low urine zinc tells us patient has zinc deficiency

41
Q

Other metals of interest

A

chromium
molybdenum
selenium

42
Q

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) types

A

flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS)
graphite furnance atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS)
cold vapor AAS

43
Q

ICP-MS

A

Inductively coupled plasma-Mass spectroscopy

44
Q

AAS mechanics

A

radiation: use emitted light from element of interest to get element spectra
atomizer: sample atoms are in vapor so element of interest can absorb light
monochromator: allows specific spectra line to be targeted toward detector
detector: measures the intensity of th elight hitting it

45
Q

ICP-MS mechanics

A

increases sensitivity of measuring various metals while decreasing the problems of interferences
uses argon gas to allow free electron movement
looks at ‘mass to charge’ ratio or the molecular mass divided by the ionic charge of the element m/z

46
Q

Spectroscopy interferences

A

argon spectral line interference
nearby elements in periodic table have same m/z
doubly charged ions may have same m/z

Clinical Chemistry (23 decks)

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