Pituitary

Question 1

Hypothalamus

Answer 1

part of the brain that stimulates tropin releasing hormones

Question 2

Pituitary

Answer 2

anterior: synthesizes stimulating hormones
posterior: stores hormones from hypothalamus for release

Question 3

TRH

Answer 3

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Question 4

CRH

Answer 4

corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 5

GnRH

Answer 5

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 6

ADH or AVP

Answer 6

vasopressin

Question 7

Anterior pituitary cells & secretions

Answer 7

lactotrophs- secrete prolactin
somatotrophs - secrete growth hormone
thyrotrophs - secrete thyroid stimulating hormone
corticotrophs - secrete ACTH
gonadotrophs - secrete LH & FSH

Question 8

short feedback loop

Answer 8

hormone back to pituitary

Question 9

long feedback loop

Answer 9

hormone back to hypothalamus

Question 10

ultra short feedback

Answer 10

feedback between pituitary & hypothalamus

Question 11

hormone secretions

Answer 11

pulsatile secretions - pulse frequencies
cyclic nature or diurnal variations of hormones : nervous system regulates through signals the circadian/ diurnal variations of hormones

Question 12

trophic hormones

Answer 12

affect another endocrine gland

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH

Question 13

direct effector hormones

Answer 13

act directly on peripheral tissues

growth hormone & prolactin

Question 14

Growth hormone general

Answer 14

‘somatotropin’ takes up 1/3 of pituitary space
average pulse interval : 2-3 hours
both anabolic & catabolic hormone

Question 15

Growth hormone peak

Answer 15

occurs at onset of sleep in adults

Question 16

Growth hormone & insulin

Answer 16

growth hormone is an antagonist of insulin

Question 17

GH & liver metabolism

Answer 17

promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver & lipolysis for cell energy ( since insulin is inhibited)

Question 18

what amplifies GH action ?

Answer 18

Insulin-like growth factor 1 or IGF-1

Question 19

GH deficiency during childhood

Answer 19

dwarfism

Question 20

GH excess in childhood

Answer 20

gigantism

Question 21

GH excess in adults

Answer 21

acromegaly: hand & feet enlargement, glucose intolerance, hypermetabolic condition, accelerated atherosclerosis

Question 22

GH assay methods

Answer 22

assay for IGF1 &/or IGF-1 binding protein to assess GH levels
if liver tumor & cannot use IGF-1 –> test GHRH or L-arginine stimulation & measure GH using immunoassay

Question 23

FSH, LH, TSH similarities

Answer 23

all are glycoprotein hormones
share same alpha unit
beta unit is hormone specific

Question 24

FSH in females & males

Answer 24

females: follicle growth (estrogens)
males: produce sperm

Question 25

LH in females & males

Answer 25

females: stims corpus luteum development (progesterone) males: produce testosterone

Question 26

TSH

Answer 26

stimulates thyroid gland to release T4 & T3

Question 27

ACTH

Answer 27

preadrenocorticotropic hormone formed as active hormone stimulates adrenal cortex regulated by CRH & cortisol feedback to hypothalamus

Question 28

precursor to ACTH

Answer 28

proopiomelancortin

Question 29

ACTH cyclic nature

Answer 29

high at 8 am & low at midnight

Question 30

Prolactin

Answer 30

direct effector hormone (similar to GH) TRH & estrogens can stimulate prolactin release as well as stress, suckling, & exercise function: effect lactation

Question 31

Prolactin inhibitor

Answer 31

Dopamine

Question 32

most common functional pituitary tumor

Answer 32

prolactin secreting tumor

Question 33

what tests should always be done in conjunction with testing for prolactin

Answer 33

thyroid panel to eliminate hypothyroid cause for symptoms | assess other pituitary hormones to see if they are functioning or not

Question 34

Posterior pituitary

Answer 34

stores oxytocin & vasopressin (ADH)

Question 35

Oxytocin

Answer 35

role in lactation, major role in labor & formation affects pituitary, renal, cardiac, & immune function can use synthetic oxytocin to induce labor (pitocin)

Question 36

ADH

Answer 36

peptide hormone that stimulates collecting tubes to increase reabsorption of water & regulates water balance leads to concentration of urine solutes

Question 37

Insufficient ADH seen in :

Answer 37

diabetes insipidus - excess thirst & excess urine excretion

Question 38

Excess ADH seen in :

Answer 38

SIADH - syndrome of inappropriate ADH release

Question 39

how does ADH affect clotting

Answer 39

promotes factor VII release from liver & vWF release from endothelium cells

Question 40

Osmotic threshold for vasopressin

Answer 40

284 mOsm/kg

Question 41

vasopressin baroreceptors located?

Answer 41

carotid arteries, aortic arch & left atrium

Question 42

2 classes of hormones

Answer 42

steroids & proteins steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogens, androgens proteins: insulin, TSH, LH, FSH

Question 43

steroid hormone chemical make up & cellular actions

Answer 43

chemical make up: cholesterol based intracellular: interact directly with the DNA to promote cellular response transport: bound to proteins

Question 44

protein hormone chemical make up & cellular action

Answer 44

chemical make up: peptide based intracellular: protein binds to receptor, stimulates G prtoein & then stimulate cyclic AMP to cause response in cell transport: free

Question 45

the highest concentration of ____ is found in the pituitary 1. PRL 2. FSH 3. Oxytocin 4. Growth hormone

Answer 45

growth hormone!