Liver Function & Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Portal vein

A

brings nutrients & 75% of blood supply

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2
Q

Hepatic artery

A

brings 02 & supplies 25% of blood to liver

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3
Q

Hepatocytes

A

80% of liver space, do liver jobs & also facilitate regeneration

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4
Q

Kupffer cells

A

macrophages that line sinusoids, phagocytic cells engulf bacteria, toxins, debris etc

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5
Q

Stellate cells

A

contain lipid droplets, when they are activated the lipids begin to deposit in the sinusoid & fibrotic tissues -> cirrhosis

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6
Q

Liver functions (4)

A

excretory & secretory
synthesis
detoxification & drug metabolism
storage

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7
Q

waste products & where they go

A

bilirubin, bile acids, cholesterol, bile pigments & other wastes get excreted in the bile that goes to the gall bladder & then small intestine

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8
Q

Heme degradation

A

heme from hemoglobin is degraded to biliverdin & then to bilirubin
this is insoluble & cannot be removed by kidneys

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9
Q

unconjugated bilirubin transporter

A

albumin to the liver sinusoidal spaces

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10
Q

location of bilirubin conjucation & carrier

A

bilirubin is carried by ligandin in hepatocytes to ER where bilirubin is conjugated

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11
Q

conjugation enzyme for bilirubin

A

UPD-glucuronyl transferase

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12
Q

conjugated bilirubin path

A

water soluble & most leaves the hepatocyte via bile ducts to go to gall bladder -> common bile duct -> small intestine
help in the emulsification of fats & broken down by gut bacteria to form urobilinogen then urobilin

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13
Q

reabsorbed urobilinogen goes where?

A

reabsorbed urobilinogen from the small intestine can go from the plasma to the urine through the kidneys

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14
Q

major exit route for bilirubin

A

mostly out via feces

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15
Q

Malloy-Evelyn

A

uses diazo reaction & 50% methanol accelerator to measure serum/plasma bilirubin
cannot use plasma specimen bc alcohol will precipitate proteins

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16
Q

Jendrassik-Grof

A

uses diazo reaction & caffeine-benzoate-acetate accelerator to measure serum/plasma bilirubin

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17
Q

total bilirubin

A

includes conjugated bilirubin & unconjugated bilirubin

18
Q

conjugated bilirubin methods

A

does not use caffeine or alcohol (only measures what is already soluble)

19
Q

reasons why J-G method is preferred

A

not affected by pH
insensitive to 50x change in protein
maintains optical sensitivity even @ low [bilirubin]
minimal turbidity & relatively constant serum blank
not affected by hemoglobin up to 759mg/dl

20
Q

specimen for bilirubin

A

free of hemolysis & lipemia

KEEP AWAY FROM LIGHT

21
Q

how does the liver stabilize glucose concentrations

A

absorbs glucose for own use
circulates glucose for peripheral tissues
stores glucose as glycogen
can make glucose from non-CHO sources

22
Q

lipid synthesis by liver

A

makes VLDL, cholesterol

removes lipids from circulation= chylomicrons & HDL

23
Q

protein synthesis by liver

A

synthesizes proteins other than immunoglobulins
makes coag proteins, albumin, globulins etc
stores amino acids for use or degradation

24
Q

Liver detoxification

A

liver 1st pass effect allows liver to remove toxic/foreign compounds before they enter blood & circulate
removes bilirubin & ammonia
uses oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, carboxylation, demethylation via CYTOCHROME p-450 isoenzymes

25
jaundice
observable when bilirubin >3.0 mg/dl prehepatic : increased RBC breakdown; major increase in unconjugated hepatic- usually increase in conjugated post hepatic- usually obstruction of bile duct (both elevated)
26
Gilbert's disease
not pathologic, elevation in unonjugated bilirubin intermittent increase in unonjugated bili in ABSENCE OF HEMOLYSIS reduction of UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity ~30%
27
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
2 types of UDP defect type1: no UDP enzyme: fatal type2: partial absence of enzymes
28
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
increased conjugated bilirubin | defect in MDR2/cMOAT or liver ability to remove & excrete conjugated bilirubin & cannot leave the liver
29
Rotor syndrome
unknown defect increase in conjugated bilirubin hepatic jaundice
30
post hepatic jaundice
often due to biliary obstruction: gallstones/tumors | labs: increase total bili & increased unconjugated bili
31
cirrhosis
scarring of liver tissues so that blood flow & liver function are blocked
32
causes of cirrhosis
``` alocholism, chronic hep C, other chronic hep autoimmune hep drugs toxins Wilson's disease hemochromatosis galactosemia ```
33
Lab results for Reye's syndrome
increased total bili, 3x increase in ammonia 3x increase in AST & ALT
34
Enzyme used to detoxify alcohol
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) & Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
35
lab results for alcoholic fatty liver
increased AST, ALT GGT
36
lab results for alcoholic hepatitis
increased AST, ALT, GGT, Bilirubin, decreased albumin prolonged prothrombin time
37
Drugs of concern for liver damage
acetaminophen (Tylenol), tranquilizers, some antibiotics, anti-neoplastic drugs, lipid lowering meds, anti-inflammatory drugs
38
liver function labs
``` bilirubin AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, LD >3 ALP is extrahepatic Albumin, alpha-globulins, gamma globulins, coag proteins, IgG & IgM ammonia levels hepatitis antigens & antibodies ```
39
AST & ALT
increase a lot in liver disease, use serial measurements | less increase in liver obstruction
40
ALP
located in bile canaliculi | intrahepatic <3x separate increases from bone ALP
41
5'NT
increase in liver not bone