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Clinical Chemistry > Gonadal hormones > Flashcards

Gonadal hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

reproductive hormone produced by hypothalamus & its target

A

produces Gonadotropin (GNRH) & acts on the pituitary

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2
Q

pituitary response to GnRH

A

secretes Luteinizing hormone (LH) & Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & acts on male testes & female ovaries

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3
Q

FSH on male

A

FSH acts on germinal stem cells to make sperm

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4
Q

LH on males

A

LH acts on Leydig cells to form testosterone

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5
Q

FSH on females

A

FSH acts on follicles to facilitate maturation of ovum

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6
Q

LH on females

A

LH acts to start luteal phase where ovulation occurs & corpus luteum forms

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7
Q

Feedback

A

estrogen/testosterone shuts down the release of GnRH & LH & FSH
exception! - female menstrual cycle where estrogen exerts a positive feedback mechanism

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8
Q

Male testosterone

A

major androgen in males
made in Leydig cells through LH action
transported by sex hormone binding protein (SHBG 45%) & albumin (50%) only 3% is free (most active)

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9
Q

feedback on male testosterone

A

testosterone & inhibin (!!)

has circadian rhythm- highest concentration at 8 am

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10
Q

Testosterone cellular mechanism

A

enters cell & converts to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) –> complexes with intracellular receptor –> complex moves to nucleus & nuclear receptors –> binding to DNA leads to protein synthesis & cell growth

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11
Q

enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT

A

5-alpha reductase

very prevalent in male scrotal skin

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12
Q

testosterone actions before puberty

A

quiet actions (almost nothing significant)

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13
Q

testosterone actions after puberty

A

large increases in testosterone
secondary sexual characteristics- facial hair, muscles, voice change, elongation of bones
mood swings

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14
Q

testosterone in male adults

A

modest testosterone
enough to maintain secondary sexual characteristics
as prostate enlarges, can have hair loss
concern about hypogonadism

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15
Q

hypogonadism in males

A

hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

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16
Q

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism lab values in men

A

increased FSH & LH

decreased testosterone

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17
Q

types of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in men

A

Klinefelter syndrome- extra chromosome 47
Testicular Feminization syndrome- androgen resistance
5-alpha reductase deficiency - genotype XY, raised female then at puberty no period & discover male genetics
myotonic dystrophy- autosomal dominate
testicular injury &/or infection - mumps, viral, HIV
Sertoli cell only syndrome- lack germ cells

18
Q

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in men

A

decrease FSH, LH, & Testosterone

19
Q

types of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in men

A

Kallman’s syndrome- inherited x-liked recessive trait, hypogonadism & no sense of smell
Hyperprolactinemia- increased prolactin
age- decreased testosterone after 30
pituitary disease- acquired hypogonadism, pituitary tumors, surgery etc

20
Q

replacement therapy in males

A

complications of polycythemia, prostate cancer risk, sleep apnea, breast formation
need to monitor FSH, LH, testosterone, PSA (prostate specific antigen), CBC, lipid panels & monitor semen indices

21
Q

female hormones after puberty

A

FSH & LH lead to secondary hormones of estrogen, progesterone & androgens from ovaries

22
Q

Estrogens’ general effect

A

promote breast, uterine, & vaginal development

affects skin, vascular smooth muscles, bone cells & CNS

23
Q

Progesterone

A

made by corpus luteum
readies the endometrium for implantation of embryo
cervical mucus thickens & temperature rises

24
Q

Androgens in females

A

androstenedione, dehydroandrostenedione, testosterone, DHT

all produced even after menopause

25
Q

other ovary hormones

A

inhibin A & inhibin B (!)

26
Q

female menstrual cycle

A

FSH high initially then decreases - controls first half of menstrual cycle
LH surge (ovulation)- makes follicle release an egg & rises body temp
progesterone - rises after LH surge & decreases before FSH

27
Q

hormone feedback in females

A

inhibin A & B inhibits FSH!

estrogen positive feedback for LH surge & ovulation

28
Q

transport molecule for estrogen & testosterone?

A

sex/steroid hormone binding globulin SHBG

29
Q

hormones after menopause

A

FSH rises while LH may or may not
estrogens are decreased
adrenal androgens are still produced

30
Q

hypogonadism in females

A

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism & hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

31
Q

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in females

A

decreased FSH, LH, & Estrogens

causes: pituitary tumor, anorexia, ‘runner’s amenorhea’

32
Q

hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in females

A

increased FSH
decreased estrogen
w/ or w/o increase in LH
causes: menopause, premature ovarian failure, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

33
Q

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

normal ovary is riddled with cysts - often very painful
causes fertility issues & hormonal complications
many women are overweight & losing weight can reduce symptoms

34
Q

enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol

A

aromatase

35
Q

hirsutism

A

excess androgens that leads to hair growth or virilization in females
hair grows on lip, chin, neck, chest, sideburns, abdomen, upper & lower back, thigh

36
Q

Degradation of sex hormones

A

involves making them soluble or their metabolites soluble so that the ‘waste’ can leave through the kidney
liver is the main organ of degradation

37
Q

analysis of pituitary hormones FSH & LH

A

chemiluminescence assay

38
Q

analysis of estradiol, testosterone, & progesterone

A

chemiluminescence

previously RIA, EIA & ELISA

39
Q

DHEA analysis

A

only hormone that still uses RIA

40
Q

Primary hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in men lab results

A

increase LH & FSH

decrease androgens & 17-KS

41
Q

secondary or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in men lab results

A

decreased LH & FSH & TESTOSTERONE

42
Q

Sperm indices

A

sperm count <30% normal

Clinical Chemistry (23 decks)

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