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IC Part II > Toxic Principles > Flashcards

Toxic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

1 to 2 days, single or multiple exposures

A

acute toxicity

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2
Q

repeated exposure, less than 3 months

A

subacute toxicity

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3
Q

repeated exposure, greater than 3 months

A

chronic toxicity

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4
Q

-measures toxic response on an individual to various doses, response for each toxxic effect or molecular interaction will be different

A

individual/graded dose response

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5
Q

-measures responses in a population of individuals as dose increases

A

quantal response

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6
Q

LD50/ED50 (animals) or toxic dose over therapeutic dose in humans

A

therapeutic index

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7
Q

LD1/ED99 or TD/ED99 for humans

A

margin of safety

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8
Q

the probability that injury will result from exposure to a substance under specified conditions of dose and route of administration

A

risk

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9
Q

expression of adverse effects, more clinically useful than therapeutic index

A

benefit to risk ratio

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10
Q
  • lower doses have protective effects, higher doses have adverse effects
  • alochol: lower dose good, chronic high dose leads to alcoholic liver disease
  • U shaped curve for non nutritional toxicants
A

hormesis

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11
Q
  • dose related adverse effects of drugs
  • overextension of pharmacological response (atropine induced dry mouth, propanolol heart block, diazepam drowsiness)
  • organ directed toxicities (aspirin GI, aminoglycoside renal, acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, doxorubicin)
A

toxicity

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12
Q
  • directly toxic or teratogenic
  • direct toxic: sulfonamide kernicterus, chloramphenicol gray baby, tetracycline teeth discoloration and retarded bone growth
  • teratogenic: physical defects in developing fetus: effects most pronounced during day 20 to end of first trimester during organogenesis, thalidomide, fetal alchol syndrome, phenytion, warfarin, lithium, valproic acid
A

fetal toxicity

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13
Q

-abnormal response resulting from previous sensitizing exposure activating immunologic mechanism

A

drug allergy (hypersensitivity)

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14
Q
  • altered reaction occurs only in fraction of population
  • dose response is unusual
  • manifestations different from usual pharmacological and tox effects of drug
  • requires primary sensitization
  • most drugs themselves are not immunogenic, must become hapten
A

drug allergies (hypersensitivity)

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15
Q
  • anaphylactic
  • GI, skin, lung, vasculature
  • urticaria, asthma, anaphylactic shock
  • IgE mediated
A

type 1 anaphylactic rxn

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16
Q
  • circulating blood cells
  • leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, granulocytopenia
  • IgM, IgG
A

type 2 cytotoxic (autoimmune) hypersensitivity

17
Q
  • affects blood vessels, skin, joints, kidney
  • serum sickness, vasculitis, arthritis, glomerular nephritis
  • antigen antibody complexes
A

type 3 immune complex rxn

18
Q
  • abnormal response not immunologically mediated

- often caused by genetic abnormalities in enzymes or receptors (pharmacogenomics)

A

drug idiosyncracies

19
Q

idiosyncracies: patents with abnormal ________ develop apnea when given normal doses of succinylcholine

A

serum cholinesterase

20
Q

slow acetylators of isoniazid have low hepatic ______ activity, more prone to B6 deficiency

A

N-acetyltransferase

21
Q

hemolytic anemia elicited by _______ in patients whose red cells are deficient in G6PDH, affects about 10% of black men

A

primaquine

22
Q

barbiturate induce __________ occurs in individuals with abnormal heme biosynthesis, mimics part of heme structure occupying portion of protein that regulates ALA synthetase, inhibits production

A

barbiturate

23
Q
  • undergoes redox cycling, causes free radical mediated injury to lungs
  • oral or inhalation, fatal
A

paraquat

24
Q

-binds heme iron in cytochrome A3 of complex 4, blocks ATP formation

A

cyanide poisoning

25
Q

analgesics, household cleaning, cosmetics, sedatives/hypnotics/antipsychotics, antidepressants

A

top 5 substances involved in posioning

26
Q
  • anthrax
  • smallpox
  • plague
  • botulism
  • tularemia
  • VHF
A

category A bioterrorism agents

IC Part II (29 decks)

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