Radiation Injury

Question 1

ionizing radiation injures cell by generating _______ from water or molecular oxygen

Answer 1

free radicals

Question 2

xrays and gamma rays are ________ waves

Answer 2

electromagnetic

Question 3

alpha, beta, and protons are energetic charged ________

Answer 3

particles

Question 4

neutral high energy particles?

Answer 4

neutrons

Question 5

a release of 2 protons and 2 neutrions from a fissioning nucleus, only travel a few mm in air, but internal exposure from ingestion is problematic

Answer 5

alpha radiation

Question 6

emission of electrons, ionize matter they interact with, can travel several meters in air, cm in tissue, a few mm through aluminum

Answer 6

beta radiation

Question 7

capable of generating ions in tissue, indirectly ionizing radiation, absorbed by nucleus then emits gamma radiation, penetrate more deeply into tissue

Answer 7

neutrons

Question 8

disintegrations/second

Answer 8

curie (Ci)

Question 9

quantity of X or g rays which give rive to certain number of ions in air

Answer 9

Roentgen (R)

Question 10

100 ergs of energy absorbed per gram of any substance

Answer 10

RAD

Question 11

new international unit replacing RAD

Answer 11

Gray (Gy)

Question 12

new international unit replacing REM, houles of energy absorbed per kg

Answer 12

Sievert (Sv)

Question 13

most important target of radiation?

Answer 13

DNA, dividing cells most sensitive

Question 14

cells severely damaged by radiation undergo _________, surviving cells may harbor mutations or chromosome abnormalities

Answer 14

apoptosis

Question 15

_______ is a long term effect of ionizing radiation

Answer 15

fibrosis

Question 16

-erythema, hyper and hypo pigmentation, atrophy, fibrosis, telangiectasias

Answer 16

short term effect of radiation on skin (peak at 2-3 weeks)

Question 17

long term effect of skin exposure to radiation?

Answer 17

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 18

effects of radiation on bone and soft tissue?

Answer 18

long term risk of sarcoma

Question 19

why don’t surgeouns want to operate on previously irradiated areas?

Answer 19

chronic vascular injury –> fibrosis –> poor vascularity –> poor wound healing

Question 20

atomic bomb uses _______, hydrogen bomb uses _______

Answer 20

fission

fusion

Question 21

radioactive material gets pumped into atmosphere, then falls out later

Answer 21

radioactive fallout

Question 22

-major hazard of fallout b/c incorporated into bone, long half life, consumption of dairy and fruits and veggies major route of contamination

Answer 22

strontium

Question 23

produces greatest internal exposure in weeks following nuclear explosion, eaten by meat animals and secreted in the milk, concnetrates in thyroid gland, half life 8 days

Answer 23

iodine

Question 24

constituent of dirty bomb, damages gonads

Answer 24

cesium

Question 25

useful for dating ancient objects, dangerous component of nuclear fallout

Answer 25

carbon 14

Question 26

• molecular death (>100K)
• CNS (>2K)
• GI (50-2K)
• Hematopoietic (50-500 RAD)
• prodromal, such as cancer (<50)

Answer 26

acute radiation syndromes

Question 27

• NVD resolves in 1-2 days
• tx: bone marrow transplant
• late: observe for development of post radiation cancers

Answer 27

hematopoietic syndrome

Question 28

• death in a few days from circulatory collapse
• n/v/d
• no treatment except those w/ lower dose

Answer 28

GI acute radiation syndrome

Question 29

only the ______ syndrome can be effectively treated, BMT, early HLA typing

Answer 29

hematopoietic