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Italian Wine Scholar: Central & Southern Italy > Toscana: Appellations of Central Toscana > Flashcards

Toscana: Appellations of Central Toscana Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Carmignano located?

A

It is located in the northern reaches of central Toscana.
All 3 of Carmignano’s appellations extend over the same geographic area which, in turn, is almost entirely overlapped by the Chianti Montalbano DOCG.
This medieval village gives its name to a small, hilly winegrowing area that represents one of the most historic wine zones in Toscana.

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2
Q

What did Count Ugo Contini Bonacossi of Tenuta Capezzana contribute to the winemaking world?

A

His dedication was instrumental in the resuscitation of the wines of Carmignano through the creation of the DOC in 1975.

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3
Q

What sets Carmignano apart from the other Tuscan appellations?

A

The traditional use of Cabernet grapes (both Sauvignon & Franc) to complement Sangiovese.

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4
Q

What elevation are the vineyards of Carmignano planted at?

A

An average of 650ft/200m above sea level.

Lower than other Chianti zones.

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5
Q

What types of soils are found in Carmignano?

A
  • albarese
  • clay
  • sandstone
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6
Q

Name the appellations of Carmignano.

A
  • Carmignano DOCG
  • Barco Reale di Carmignano DOC
  • Vin Santo di Carmignano DOC
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7
Q

What grapes are used to produce wines from Carmignano DOCG?

A

Grape requirements are:
* min. 50% Sangiovese
* 10-20% Cabernet Sauvignon and/or Cabernet Franc

In practice, the wines are made from:
* 70-90% Sangiovese
* 10-20% Cabernet Sauvignon

They sometimes include a small addition of:
* Canaiolo
* Merlot

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8
Q

What are the aging requirements of wines from Carmignano DOCG?

A
  • Cannot be released before June 1st of the second year following harvest
  • must spend min. 8 months in oak/chestnut

Riserva:
* min. 3 years aging
* min. 12 months in wood

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9
Q

How can the wines of Barco Reale di Carmignano DOC be described?

A

This “second” wine of Carmignano is a lighter, younger and more fruit-forward version of Carmignano.

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10
Q

What grapes are used to produce wines from Barco Reale di Carmignano DOC?

A
  • min. 50% Sangiovese
  • 10-20% Cabernet Sauvignon and/or Franc

Same grapes/proportions as the Carmignano DOCG, but has no aging requirements.

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11
Q

What other wines can use the Barco Reale di Carmignano DOC classification?

A

Carmignano DOCG wines can be declassified as Barco Reale DOC

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12
Q

Where does the term Vin Ruspo come from?

A

The term “ruspo” derives from “ruspare”, a word in local dialect meaning “to draw off”. In the days of the mezzadria, its was common for the farmers to draw off (ruspare) one or two demijohns of fresh must before delivering the balance to the landowner.

I

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13
Q

What is Vin Ruspo?

A

A rosato produced in Barco Reale di Carmignano DOC made from the same grapes with the same proportions as the two red wines and is often made by salasso (bleeding the tank).

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14
Q

What grapes are used to make Vin Santo di Carmignano DOC?

A

Vin Santo is based on:
* Trebbiano
* Malvasia

Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice is based on:
* Sangiovese

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15
Q

How are the grapes for Vin Santo di Carmignano DOC prepared for vinification?

A

They are air-dried for 4-6 months.

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16
Q

What is the sweetness level of wines from Vin Santo di Carmignano DOC?

A

They can range from dry to sweet in style.

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17
Q

What are the aging requirements of wines from Vin Santo di Carmignano DOC?

A
  • min. 3 years aging

Riserva:
* min. 4 years aging

Note: these requirements are the same for both the Vin Santo and the Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice.

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18
Q

What is the distinction between Chianti Classico and Chianti?

A

There is a geographic and historic difference.
Chianti Classico: Known as Chianti Storico (Historic Chianti), encompasses the original zone of production officially delineated in the 14th century. The wines produced within this region are released under Chianti Classico DOCG.
Chianti: a general designation as a result of a 1930’s expansion of the vineyards on land around the Chianti Storico region. The wines produced in these areas fall within the Chianti DOCG.

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19
Q

Where is Chianti Classico located?

A

Chianti Storico lies between Firenze and Siena in central Tuscana. It stretches for more than 40mi/65km from north to south.

This astonishing and timeless landscape is characterized by hills and valleys covered in vines, olive groves, pine forests, chestnut trees, and stately rows of cypress. Medieval fortifications and castles often dot the top of the Chianti Classico hills.

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20
Q

Who was Cosimo III de’ Medici?

A

The Grand Duke of Toscana, he approved an edict in 1716 that officially delimited the Chianti zone of production making Chianti one of the oldest demarcated and official wine appellations in the world.

This production zone included the original villages of the League of Chianti (Castellina, Gaiole and Radda), as well as the village of Greve and the hamlet of Panzano.

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21
Q

What is believed to have been the predominant grape used in Chianti wines until the 17th and 18th centuries?

A

Canaiolo

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22
Q

Who is Bettino Ricasoli?

A

He was a Baron who experimented with local grapes at Castello di Brolio in the first half of the 19th century, hoping to find the ideal blend to produce high-quality and age-worthy wines.
After year of experiments, he was convinced that Sangiovese had to form the backbone of the blend for wines meant for ageing; Canaiolo best served as a softening agent. He developed the formula for more approachable wines based on 70% Sangiovese, 15% Canaiolo Nero, and 15% Malvasia. This became Chianti’s most widely utilized blend.

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23
Q

What occurred in Chianti that resulted in lighter, more dilute wines?

A

Producers began to replace Malvasia with the more productive and lesser quality Trebbiano and often in larger quantities than 15%. This considerably changed the character of the finished product.

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24
Q

Between the late 19th and early 20th centuries the demand for the wines of Chianti exceeded supply. What was this partly due to?

A

The general wine shortage caused by the ravages of phylloxera in France.

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25
Q

What is “vino all’uso di Chianti”?

A

“Wine in the style of Chianti”. Wines were produced with the same grapes and the same manner as Chianti Storico outside the historic Chianti area and were sold as Chianti or identified with this label.

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26
Q

How did Chianti producers combat fraud in 1924?

A

33 producers of historic Chianti grouped together and formed one of the first Italian consorzio. They adopted the Gallo Nero as their iconic symbol.

They officially formalized the boundaries of the historic Chianti zone in 1927.

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27
Q

When did Chianti Storico acquire the name Chianti Classico?

A

In 1932, the Italian government officially defined the boundaries of Chianti. The decree expanded the Chianti denomination to a much larger area. The commission awarded the historic area of Chianti with the designation Classico in order to distinguish it from the enlarged Chianti area.

They also created sub-zones for the expanded Chianti winegrowing area.

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28
Q

When was Chianti awarded DOC status?

A

1967

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29
Q

When was Chianti upgraded to DOCG status?

A

1984

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30
Q

When was Chianti Classico awarded its own independent appellation: Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

1996

The consorzio introduced stricter production standards and allowed Chianti Classico to craft wines that were 100% Sangiovese.

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31
Q

When did the disciplinaire definitively ban the use of white grapes in Chianti Classico DOCG wines?

A

2006

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32
Q

What is the Gallo Nero?

A

The Black Rooster was the historic symbol of the League of Chianti and has become the symbol of the wines of Chianti Classico. This symbol is linked to a medieval legend that takes place during the time of open hostilities between Firenze and Siena for control of the Chianti territory.

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33
Q

Where did the two knights meet in the legend of the Gallo Nero?

A

Fonterutoli, only 7.5mi/12km from the point of departure of the Sienese knight.
This allowed Firenze to control nearly the entirety of the Chianti territory.

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34
Q

How much area does Chianti Classico cover? How much of this is occupied by vineyards?

A

Chianti Classico covers more than 172,000ac/70,000ha. Vineyards occupy about 25,000ac/10,000ha.

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35
Q

Which rivers are found in the Chianti Classico region?

A

The Pesa and Greve Rivers flow north and empty into the Arno River. The Arbia River flows south and empties into the Ombrone River.

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36
Q

What is the elevation of the hills in Chianti Classico?

A

They rise from a base elevation of 650ft/200m to an average peak elevation of 1,500ft/450m.

The eastern hills are higher in elevation. The hills in the western side are lower and gentler.

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37
Q

What soil types are there in Chianti Classico?

A

The soils here are diverse and vary depending on the location. The majority consist of alternating:
* galestro
* albarese
* sandstone (locally known as macigno)

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38
Q

What is the climate in Chianti Classico?

A

Continental with just moderate Mediterranean influences.

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39
Q

What is the weather like in Chianti Classico?

A

Winters are cold with temperatures that can drop below freezing point.
Summers are dry with warm to hot days. Temperatures can often exceed 95°F/35°C.

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40
Q

What topographical feature in Chianti Classico plays a prinical role in shaping the wines’ character?

A

Altitude; it provides cooler conditions and marked diurnal temperature swings.

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41
Q

How do wines from higher sites in Chianti Classico compare to wines from lower sites?

A

Broadly speaking, wines produced from the higher sites tend to be more elegant and perfumed with higher acidity and firm tannins.

Wines produced from the lower sites are fuller and richer with less subtle aromas, less acidity and softer tannins.

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42
Q

In Chianti Classico, what are the rules regarding blending grapes from different sites?

A

Producers who own vineyards in different locations can blend grapes from different sites and zones.
However, single vineyard Chianti Classico wines have become increasingly more common.

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43
Q

Give an example of how the disciplinare has established strict production rules for the wines of the Chianti Classico DOCG.

A

The appellation has one of Italy’s lowest maximum yields per hectare and per vine.

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44
Q

What grapes are used to make wines from Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

By law, Chianti Classico must be made from:
* min. 80% Sangiovese
* max. 20% of auxiliary grapes (Canaiolo, Colorino, Merlot, & Cabernet Sauvignon)

Most producers tend to use at least 90% Sangiovese and many opt for 100% (or close to it!)

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45
Q

What type of container is used to age wines from Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

Traditionally, they were aged in large Slavonian oak or chestnut casks (botti).
Since the 1980s, small French oak barrels have become more common

On average the wines spend between 1-2 years in oak.

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46
Q

Name the 3 categories of wines produced within the Chianti Classico DOCG.

A
  1. Chianti Classico Gran Selezione
  2. Chianti Classico Riserva
  3. Chianti Classico (“annata”)
47
Q

What are the requirements of “annata” wines from Chianti Classico DOCG?

A
  • min. 12% abv
  • can be released after October 1st of the year following harvest
48
Q

Describe a typical “annata” wine from Chianti Classico DOCG.

A

A younger, more approachable version of Chianti Classico. They are usually consumed within a few years of release.

49
Q

What are the requirements of wines produced under Chianti Classico Riserva DOCG?

A
  • min. 12.5% abv
  • min. 24 months aging
  • min. 3 months in bottle
50
Q

Describe a wine produced from Chianti Classico Riserva DOCG

A

This is the more complex, structured and fuller version of Chianti Classico.
They have longer ageing potential; the best can be very long lived.

51
Q

What are the requirements of wines produced from Chianti Classico Gran Selezione DOCG?

A
  • min. 13% abv
  • min. 30 month ageing
  • min. 3 months in bottle

In order to obtain the designation Gran Selezione, the wines must be subjected to laboratory analysis and tasting commission approval.

52
Q

What places Gran Selezione wines from Chianti Classico apart from Riserva?

A

It is meant to represent the top of the Chianti Classico quality pyramid.
The wines are made from the best estate-grown grapes and often from single vineyards.

53
Q

When was the Gran Selezione classification created for Chianti Classico?

A

Introduced in 2013; applying to the 2010 vintage forward.

54
Q

What distinquishing marking are all Chianti Classico wines required to have on their bottles?

A

The Gallo Nero trademark (black rooster).

55
Q

What grapes are used to make Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC?

A
  • min. 60% Trebbiano and/or Malvasia

Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice (the pink version):
* min 80% Sangiovese

56
Q

What sweetness styles are produced from Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC?

A
  • dry (secco)
  • medium-dry (abboccato)
  • medium-sweet (amabile)

Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice is only made in:
* sweet (dolce)

57
Q

What are the ageing requirements of wines from Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC?

A

Both wines are vinified and aged in caratelli for a minimum of 24 months.
They cannot be released before November 1st of the third year after vintage.
The best examples are aged for several years before bottling.

58
Q

Where is Chianti DOCG located?

A

It covers a large hilly area in central Toscana that surrounds Chianti Classico.
The DOCG includes 7 different sub-zones which can carry their name after the word Chianti. Wines made outside the sub-zones or from a blend of different areas will simply be labeled as Chianti DOCG.

59
Q

How is it that the style and quality of wines from Chianti DOCG varies greatly?

A

This is due to the different sub-zones, the enormous quantity produced (over 100 million bottles) and the extensive number of producers.

60
Q

Name the 11 UGAs selected by the Chianti Classico Consortium.

A
  1. Castellina
  2. Castelnuovo Berardenga
  3. Gaiole
  4. Greve
  5. Lamole
  6. Montefioralle
  7. Panzano
  8. Radda
  9. San Casciano
  10. San Donato in Poggio (includes Barberino Tavarnelle & Poggibonsi)
  11. Vagliagli

These were chosen based on a set of criteria that include the areas’ historical significance and common organoleptic profiles of the wines.
The right to indicated UGAs on labels have been granted to Chianti Classico’s Gran Selezione wines.

61
Q

What are the 7 sub-zones of Chianti DOCG?

A
  1. Rufina
  2. Colli Fiorentini
  3. Colli Aretini
  4. Colline Pisane
  5. Montalbano
  6. Montespertoli
  7. Colli Senesi
62
Q

Where do the best wines from the Chianti DOCG generally hail from?

A

The sub-zones that have stricter production rules. The following are considered to produce the most substantial wines.
* Rufina: can produced quite distinctive wines which have the potential to match the quality, longevity and prestige of Chianti Classico.
* Colli Senesi
* Colli Fiorentini

63
Q

What are the grape requirements for wines from Chianti DOCG?

A
  • min. 70% Sangiovese
  • max. 30% authorized auxiliary grapes
  • white grapes are optional & cannot exceed 10% of total blend.

The most common grapes auxiliary grapes are:
* Canaiolo
* Colorino
* Merlot
* Cabernet Sauvignon

Colli Senesi is the only sub-zone with different requirements
* min. 75% Sangiovese
* white grapes are no longer permitted (as of 2016 vintage)

64
Q

What is Governo?

A

Traditional Tuscan practice whereby a small portion of grapes was left to desiccate then used to start a second fermentation within the newly made wine.
This practice provided more body and alcohol to the new wine while making it softer and more approachable.
The governo also encouraged the onset of malolactic fermentation.
Also called, governo all’uso toscano, governo toscano or governo alla toscana

65
Q

Which appellation is known for the governo process?

A

Chianti DOCG; these wines can go through this traditional practice, however this is rarely done today. In such cases the word governo (or governo all’uso Toscano) must be indicated on the label.

66
Q

What are the ageing requirements of Riserva wines from Chianti DOCG?

A
  • higher min. alcohol
  • min. 2 years ageing
67
Q

Which historic Chianti region is the smallest in size but the most prestigious and consistent producer of quality wine out of all the sub-zones?

A

Chianti Rufina

Elevation plus the proximity of the Apennines makes this sub-zone one of the highest and coolest winegrowing zones for Sangiovese. The wines are hallmarked by bright acidity.

68
Q

Which Chianti region occupies a large hilly area on the southern and eastern outskirts of Firenze?

A

Colli Fiorentini; it has one of the most long-standing winemaking traditions among the Chianti sub-zones.

69
Q

Where is Colli Aretini located?

A

This Chianti sub-zone lies in the eastern part of the Chianti area between the Chianti Classico zone (to the west) and the city of Arezzo (to the east). The Arno River flows through the sub-zone.

70
Q

Where is Colline Pisane located?

A

This Chianti sub-zone is located south-east of Pisa, to the west of Firenze. Its close proximity to the Tyrrhenian Sea provides milder climatic conditions. It is one of the smallest sub-zones in volume and in area under vine.

71
Q

Where is Montalbano located?

A

This Chianti sub-zone lies in the northwestern part of Chianti and overlaps most of the Carmignano DOCG.

72
Q

Which is the most recent sub-zone of Chianti, created in 1997?

A

Chianti Montespertoli; it is an outtake of Colli Fiorentini.

73
Q

Where is Montespertoli located?

A

This sub-zone of Chianti is an outtake of Colli Fiorentini and lies to the west of it.

74
Q

Which is the southernmost and largest Chianti sub-zone in terms of area under vine and volume?

A

Colli Senesi; its more southerly location engenders warmer conditions. It has the potential to produce more substantial, fuller-bodied wines than most of the other sub-zones. This zone has slightly more stringent production rules.

75
Q

Does the Chianti sub-zone, Colli Senesi, allow for the inclusion of white grapes?

A

The blending rules for this sub-zone have been modified to once again allow the optional use of a max. 10% white grapes. This was previously not allowed from the 2016 vintage.

76
Q

Where is the Vin Santo del Chianti DOC located?

A

It covers the same geographic area as the Chianti DOCG.

However, each sub-zone is entitled to produce its own Vin Santo using the sub-zone designation.

77
Q

What grapes are used to produced wines from Vin Santo del Chianti DOC?

A

White wines are based on:
* Trebbiano and/or Malvasia

Pink wine (Occhio di Pernice) based on:
* Sangiovese

78
Q

What is the ageing requirement for riserva wines from Vin Santo del Chianti DOC?

A

min. 4 years

79
Q

List the Chianti appellations.

A
  • Chianti Classico DOCG
  • Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC
  • Chianti DOCG
  • Vin Santo del Chianti DOC
80
Q

Where is Pomino DOC located?

A

On the left bank of the Sieve River in the foothills of the Northern Apennines. It lies just to the east of Chianti Rufina.

Erratus: Sieve is a correction (book states Sesia, but is wrong)

81
Q

What are the climatic conditions of Pomino DOC?

A

The vineyards benefit from cooler conditions thanks to the altitude and their close proximity to the Apennine range, which makes the area quite suitable for white grapes.

82
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Pomino DOC?

A
  • spumante
  • rosato
  • rosso
  • riserva
  • vendemmia tardiva
  • vin santo
  • vin santo occhio di pernice
  • varietal wines
83
Q

What grapes are used to make wines in Pomino DOC?

A

Bianco blend based on:
* Chardonnay

Single varietal:
* Chardonnay
* Sauvignon Blanc

Red wines based on:
* Sangiovese
* Merlot
* Pinot Nero

84
Q

Where is San Gimignano located?

A

The zone of production is included within the boundaries of the Chianti and Chianti Colli Senesi DOCG in the western section of the area.
The town is located at the center of the appellation and the vineyards are planted on the hills that surround the town.

85
Q

Which town is one of Toscana’s most distinctive and best-preserved medieval hilltop towns, looking very much as it did in the 12th and 13th centuries?

A

San Gimignano

The town’s “skyline” is characterized by many distinctive towers earning San Gimignano a listing among UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites. Tourists come from all over the world to visit.

86
Q

Name the only white DOCG wine in Toscana.

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano; This historic white wine is made from the ancient native Vernaccia variety.
This is considered Toscana’s most important dry, white wine. It was the first Italian wine to receive DOC status (1966)

87
Q

How long have wines been produced in San Gimignano?

A

The wines produced in this area have been of considerable renown since at least the 13th century. They were highly prized by kings, popes and poets.

88
Q

What types of soils are found in San Gimignano?

A
  • yellow sands
  • yellow clay
  • calcareous marls
89
Q

Traditionally, how were the wines of Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG produced?

A

It was fermented as if it were a red grape. It was produced with skin contact and fermented/aged in large old wood casks. This resulted in wines of a deep golden colour and oxidative character.

90
Q

How has the production of wines from Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG changed since the 1980s?

A

With the introduction of modern winemaking practices such as stainless steel and temperature-controlled fermentation, the wines have transitioned into clean, light, fresh bottlings.

Quality producers also resorted to small barrel fermentation and barrel ageing, especially for the riserva versions.

91
Q

What are the grape requirements for wines from Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG?

A
  • min. 85% Vernaccia di San Gimignano

In practice, the majority of wines tend to be made with a higher proportion; many examples are 100%

92
Q

What are the requirements of riserva wines from Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG?

A
  • min. 12.5% abv
  • min. 11 months ageing
  • min. 3 months in bottle
93
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG?

A

All wines are crisp and share refreshing citrus and light, fruity-floral aromas with mineral notes and a bitter-almond finish. However, there is a wide range of styles due to different winemaking choices and the overall diversity of sites.

94
Q

How long has San Gimignano DOC been producing quality red wines?

A

As of the 1990s; these wines are based on Sangiovese and international red grape varieties. These wines were incorporated under the San Gimignano DOC in 1996.

95
Q

What styles of wine are produced in San Gimignano DOC?

A
  • rosato
  • rosso
  • riserva
  • vin santo
  • vin santo occhio di pernice
  • varietal
96
Q

What grapes are used to produce red wines from San Gimignano DOC?

A

Blends based on:
* Sangiovese

Varietals with:
* Sangiovese
* Cabernet Sauvignon
* Merlot
* among others

97
Q

Where is Val d’Arbia DOC located?

A

It covers the area north and south of Siena in the western Chianti zone.

98
Q

What style of wines are produced in Val d’Arbia DOC?

A
  • bianco
  • rosato
  • vin santo
  • varietal
99
Q

What grapes are used to produce wine in Val d’Arbia DOC?

A

The principal wine is a bianco blend based on:
* Trebbiano
* Malvasia

100
Q

Where is Colli dell’Etruria Centrale DOC located?

A

This appellation corresponds to the same geographic zone of production as the Chianti DOCG.

It serves as a catch-all for all other wines produced in the Chianti area.

101
Q

What styles of wines are produced in Colli dell’Etruria Centrale DOC?

A
  • bianco
  • rosato
  • rosso
  • novello
  • vin santo
  • vin santo occhio di pernice
102
Q

What grapes are used to produce wines from Colli dell’Etruria Centrale DOC?

A

Bianco blends based on:
* Trebbiano

Rosso blends based on:
* Sangiovese

103
Q

Where is San Torpe DOC located?

A

This appellation completely overlaps the Chianti Colline Pisane DOCG, southest of Pisa.

104
Q

What styles of wine are produced in San Torpe DOC?

A
  • bianco
  • rosato
  • vin santo
  • varietal wines
105
Q

What grapes are used to produce wines in San Torpe DOC?

A

This region focuses on:
* Trebbiano-based bianco
* Sangiovese-based rosato

106
Q

Where is Terre di Pisa DOC located?

A

This appellation covers almost the exact same area as the San Torpe DOC.

107
Q

What grapes are used to produce wines from Terre di Pisa DOC?

A

This appellation focuses on red wine.
Blends based on:
* Sangiovese
* international red grapes

Varietal:
* Sangiovese

108
Q

Where is Valdinievole DOC located?

A

Between Pisa and Pistoia.

109
Q

What wines are produced under Valdinievole DOC?

A
  1. White blend based on Trebbiano
  2. Red blend based on Sangiovese & Canaiolo
  3. Varietal Sangiovese
  4. Vin Santo
110
Q

Where is Bianco dell’Empolese DOC located?

A

This appellation includes an area that surrounds the city of Empoli to the east of Pisa.

111
Q

What wines are produced under Bianco dell’Empolese DOC?

A
  • White wine
  • Vin Santo

Both based on Trebbiano.

112
Q

Where is Terre di Casole DOC located?

A

This small DOC is centered around the village of Casole d’Elsa, situated to the west of Siena.

113
Q

What wines are produced from Bianco dell’Empolese DOC?

A
  • White blend based on Chardonnay
  • Passito based on Chardonnay
  • Red blend based on Sangiovese
  • Varietal Sangiovese

Italian Wine Scholar: Central & Southern Italy (29 decks)

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