Topography of the Brain

Question 1

What is the three parts of the brain stem

Answer 1

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

Question 2

What is the three functions of the brain stem

Answer 2

Vital centres for autonomic behaviours

Pathways for fibre tracts - so reach cerebral hemispheres

Brainstem nuclei - involved with 10or 12 cranial nerves

Question 3

What two cranial nerves is the brainstem not involved with and where do they emerge

Answer 3

CN I
CN II
Emerge from the cerebrum

Question 4

What is the only cranial nerve to originate posteriorly from the brain stem

Answer 4

CN IV originates posteriorly from the midbrain

Question 5

What does the medulla continue as

Answer 5

continues as spinal cord at the foramen magnum of cranium

Question 6

What is the two projection on either side of the midline at the front of the medulla

Answer 6

Pyramid

Question 7

What is contained in the pyramid of the medulla

Answer 7

Tract of motor fibres

Question 8

What is it called when the pyramid fibres cross at the lower part of the medulla

Answer 8

Decussation of the pyramid

Question 9

What is the rounded oval prominence on the surface of the medulla oblongata in the brain

Answer 9

Olive

Question 10

What is contained in the olive

Answer 10

Inferior Olivary nucleus

Superior Olivary nucleus

Question 11

What does the inferior olivary nucleus aid

Answer 11

Cerebellar motor learning and function

Question 12

What does the superior olivary nucleus aid

Answer 12

Perception of sound

Question 13

What cranial nerve emerge from the anterior surface of the medulla

Answer 13

Cranial nerves: CN IX, X, XI, XII

Question 14

How does the medulla connect to the cerebellum

Answer 14

By the inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 15

What is medial lemniscus and where is it found

Answer 15

a large ascending bundle of heavily myelinated axons of sensory that decussate in the brainstem (pons and medulla)

Question 16

What is present in the grey matter of the medulla

Answer 16

Cranial nerve nuclei

Inferior olivary nucleus

Nuclei of reticular formation*

Sensory nuclei

Question 17

What is the position of the 4th ventricle in the brain stem

Answer 17

The 4th ventricle cavity has the medulla and pons sitting anteriorly and the cerebrum posteriorly

Question 18

What connects the pons to the cerebellum

Answer 18

The middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 19

What are the cranial nerves that emerge from the pons medulla junctions

Answer 19

CN VI, VII, VIII

Question 20

What is an additional cranial nerve that emerges from the pons

Answer 20

CN V

Question 21

What ventricular cavity is present in the midbrain

Answer 21

The cerebral aqueduct

Question 22

What connects the midbrain to the cerebellum

Answer 22

The superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 23

What connects the midbrain to the cerebrum

Answer 23

Cerebral peduncles

Question 24

Where is the cerebral peduncle located

Answer 24

Anterior, infront of the thalamus and down into the midbrain

Question 25

What is the name of the 2 pea size bodies locates posterior to the midbrain

Answer 25

Superior colliculus | Inferior colliculus

Question 26

What is superior colliculi involved in

Answer 26

Visual reflex

Question 27

What is inferior colliculi involved in

Answer 27

auditory reflex

Question 28

What two nerves originate from the midbrain

Answer 28

CN III | CNIV

Question 29

What is the name of the black line in the section of the midbrain

Answer 29

substantia nigra

Question 30

Where is the red nucleus and what is its function

Answer 30

red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination

Question 31

Where is the nucleus for the CN III and IV

Answer 31

Periaqueductal grey matter

Question 32

What surround thePeriaqueductal grey matter

Answer 32

White matter embedded with nucleii

Question 33

What is present in the grey matter of the pons

Answer 33

Cranial nerve nucleus Pontine nuclei - part of pons involved in motor function Nuclei of reticular formation

Question 34

What is present in the white matter of the pons and medulla

Answer 34

Middle cerebellar peduncle /Inferior cerebellar peduncle Medial leminiscus (sensory) Pyramidal tract (motor)

Question 35

What separates let and right hemispheres of the cerebellum

Answer 35

Vermis

Question 36

How many peduncles connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

Answer 36

3

Question 37

What is present in the grey matter of the cerebellum

Answer 37

Cortex on surface | Deep nuclei

Question 38

What is present in the white matter of the cerebellum

Answer 38

Arbor vitae Cerebellar peduncles

Question 39

What is present in each hemisphere os the cerebellum

Answer 39

Anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobe

Question 40

What is present on the surface of the cerebellum

Answer 40

Sulci and folia

Question 41

What is the overall function of the cerebellum

Answer 41

Posture maintenance Fine tuning motor activity

Question 42

Where is the 3 places information for the cerebellum originate

Answer 42

Pyramidal tracts Ipsilateral (same side) proprioceptors from periphery (sensory receptors in the muscle_ Vestibular nucllei in the ear (balance and posture)

Question 43

How does the cerebellum overall mange to control balance and co-ordination

Answer 43

By Calculating the best way to coordinate force, direction, extent of muscle contraction to maintain posture prevent overshoot and ensure smooth coordinated muscle contraction

Question 44

How is the calculated information sent back to the cerebral cortex

Answer 44

Via the superior cerebellar peduncle in an afferent fibre, to midbrain then cerebral peduncle on midbrain to cerebral hemisphere

Question 45

How do you test for abnormalities in the cerebellum

Answer 45

Finger – nose test Knee-heel test Walking in a straight line

Question 46

Define ataxia

Answer 46

neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality

Question 47

Where is the diencephalon located

Answer 47

Deep within the cerebral hemisphere around the third ventricle

Question 48

What does the diencephalon develop from

Answer 48

diencephalic vesicle (part of forebrain vesicle)

Question 49

What is the diencephalon composed of

Answer 49

Thalamus, Hypothalamus (and pituitary), | Epithalamus (pineal gland).

Question 50

What is the overall function of the epithalamus

Answer 50

Connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain

Question 51

What gland is located in the epithalamus

Answer 51

the pineal gland

Question 52

What is the function of the pineal gland

Answer 52

produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm (sleepwalk cycle) and regulate reproductive hormones.

Question 53

What makes up the majority of the diencephalon

Answer 53

The thalamus

Question 54

What is mainly contained in the thalamus

Answer 54

Contains groups of nucleii - anterior, medial and lateral group.

Question 55

What is the main function of the thalamus

Answer 55

sensory relay station

Question 56

What group of nuclei in the thalamus are involved in processing sensory information

Answer 56

lateral

Question 57

What separates thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 57

Hypothalamic sulcus

Question 58

What is the functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 58

main visceral control centre & is essential for overall homeostasis.

Question 59

How does the hypothalamus link the Visceral/nervous system to the endocrine system

Answer 59

Via the pituitary gland

Question 60

What is the 6 homeostric roles of the hypothalamus

Answer 60

``` Autonomic Control Centre Body temperature regulation Regulation of food intake Regulation of water balance & thirst Regulation of sleep-wake cycle Control of endocrine system functioning ```

Question 61

What does the hypothalamus connect to

Answer 61

The pituitary stalk

Question 62

How does the cerebellum receive info from the pyramidal tracts

Answer 62

Via the cerebellar peduncles

Question 63

If herniation of the cerebrum occurs through the foramen magnum what herniates first

Answer 63

The tonsils part of the posterior lobe