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The Nervous System: Physiology > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the three parts of the brain stem

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

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2
Q

What is the three functions of the brain stem

A

Vital centres for autonomic behaviours

Pathways for fibre tracts - so reach cerebral hemispheres

Brainstem nuclei - involved with 10or 12 cranial nerves

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3
Q

What two cranial nerves is the brainstem not involved with and where do they emerge

A

CN I
CN II
Emerge from the cerebrum

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4
Q

What is the only cranial nerve to originate posteriorly from the brain stem

A

CN IV originates posteriorly from the midbrain

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5
Q

What does the medulla continue as

A

continues as spinal cord at the foramen magnum of cranium

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6
Q

What is the two projection on either side of the midline at the front of the medulla

A

Pyramid

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7
Q

What is contained in the pyramid of the medulla

A

Tract of motor fibres

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8
Q

What is it called when the pyramid fibres cross at the lower part of the medulla

A

Decussation of the pyramid

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9
Q

What is the rounded oval prominence on the surface of the medulla oblongata in the brain

A

Olive

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10
Q

What is contained in the olive

A

Inferior Olivary nucleus

Superior Olivary nucleus

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11
Q

What does the inferior olivary nucleus aid

A

Cerebellar motor learning and function

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12
Q

What does the superior olivary nucleus aid

A

Perception of sound

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13
Q

What cranial nerve emerge from the anterior surface of the medulla

A

Cranial nerves: CN IX, X, XI, XII

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14
Q

How does the medulla connect to the cerebellum

A

By the inferior cerebellar peduncle

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15
Q

What is medial lemniscus and where is it found

A

a large ascending bundle of heavily myelinated axons of sensory that decussate in the brainstem (pons and medulla)

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16
Q

What is present in the grey matter of the medulla

A

Cranial nerve nuclei

Inferior olivary nucleus

Nuclei of reticular formation*

Sensory nuclei

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17
Q

What is the position of the 4th ventricle in the brain stem

A

The 4th ventricle cavity has the medulla and pons sitting anteriorly and the cerebrum posteriorly

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18
Q

What connects the pons to the cerebellum

A

The middle cerebellar peduncle

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19
Q

What are the cranial nerves that emerge from the pons medulla junctions

A

CN VI, VII, VIII

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20
Q

What is an additional cranial nerve that emerges from the pons

A

CN V

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21
Q

What ventricular cavity is present in the midbrain

A

The cerebral aqueduct

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22
Q

What connects the midbrain to the cerebellum

A

The superior cerebellar peduncle

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23
Q

What connects the midbrain to the cerebrum

A

Cerebral peduncles

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24
Q

Where is the cerebral peduncle located

A

Anterior, infront of the thalamus and down into the midbrain

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25
Q

What is the name of the 2 pea size bodies locates posterior to the midbrain

A

Superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

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26
Q

What is superior colliculi involved in

A

Visual reflex

27
Q

What is inferior colliculi involved in

A

auditory reflex

28
Q

What two nerves originate from the midbrain

A

CN III

CNIV

29
Q

What is the name of the black line in the section of the midbrain

A

substantia nigra

30
Q

Where is the red nucleus and what is its function

A

red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination

31
Q

Where is the nucleus for the CN III and IV

A

Periaqueductal grey matter

32
Q

What surround thePeriaqueductal grey matter

A

White matter embedded with nucleii

33
Q

What is present in the grey matter of the pons

A

Cranial nerve nucleus

Pontine nuclei - part of pons involved in motor function

Nuclei of reticular formation

34
Q

What is present in the white matter of the pons and medulla

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle /Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Medial leminiscus (sensory)

Pyramidal tract (motor)

35
Q

What separates let and right hemispheres of the cerebellum

36
Q

How many peduncles connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

37
Q

What is present in the grey matter of the cerebellum

A

Cortex on surface

Deep nuclei

38
Q

What is present in the white matter of the cerebellum

A

Arbor vitae

Cerebellar peduncles

39
Q

What is present in each hemisphere os the cerebellum

A

Anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobe

40
Q

What is present on the surface of the cerebellum

A

Sulci and folia

41
Q

What is the overall function of the cerebellum

A

Posture maintenance

Fine tuning motor activity

42
Q

Where is the 3 places information for the cerebellum originate

A

Pyramidal tracts

Ipsilateral (same side) proprioceptors from periphery (sensory receptors in the muscle_

Vestibular nucllei in the ear (balance and posture)

43
Q

How does the cerebellum overall mange to control balance and co-ordination

A

By Calculating the best way to coordinate force, direction, extent of muscle contraction to maintain posture prevent overshoot and ensure smooth coordinated muscle contraction

44
Q

How is the calculated information sent back to the cerebral cortex

A

Via the superior cerebellar peduncle in an afferent fibre, to midbrain then cerebral peduncle on midbrain to cerebral hemisphere

45
Q

How do you test for abnormalities in the cerebellum

A

Finger – nose test

Knee-heel test

Walking in a straight line

46
Q

Define ataxia

A

neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality

47
Q

Where is the diencephalon located

A

Deep within the cerebral hemisphere around the third ventricle

48
Q

What does the diencephalon develop from

A

diencephalic vesicle (part of forebrain vesicle)

49
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus (and pituitary),

Epithalamus (pineal gland).

50
Q

What is the overall function of the epithalamus

A

Connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain

51
Q

What gland is located in the epithalamus

A

the pineal gland

52
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland

A

produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm (sleepwalk cycle) and regulate reproductive hormones.

53
Q

What makes up the majority of the diencephalon

A

The thalamus

54
Q

What is mainly contained in the thalamus

A

Contains groups of nucleii - anterior, medial and lateral group.

55
Q

What is the main function of the thalamus

A

sensory relay station

56
Q

What group of nuclei in the thalamus are involved in processing sensory information

57
Q

What separates thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

58
Q

What is the functions of the hypothalamus

A

main visceral control centre & is essential for overall homeostasis.

59
Q

How does the hypothalamus link the Visceral/nervous system to the endocrine system

A

Via the pituitary gland

60
Q

What is the 6 homeostric roles of the hypothalamus

A 
Autonomic Control Centre
Body temperature regulation
Regulation of food intake
Regulation of water balance & thirst
Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
Control of endocrine system functioning
61
Q

What does the hypothalamus connect to

A

The pituitary stalk

62
Q

How does the cerebellum receive info from the pyramidal tracts

A

Via the cerebellar peduncles

63
Q

If herniation of the cerebrum occurs through the foramen magnum what herniates first

A

The tonsils part of the posterior lobe

The Nervous System: Physiology (15 decks)

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