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The Nervous System: Physiology > Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

Define:
Sulcus
Gyrus
Fissures

A

Sulcus - Depressions on the brain

Gyrus - Elevations on either side of the sulcus

Fissures - Deep Sulci

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2
Q

What is the location of the grey and white matter

A

Grey matter outside

White matter inside

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3
Q

What is the basal ganglia

A

Collection on neural cell bodies buried in the white matter

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4
Q

What is the name of the deep fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Median longitudinal fissure

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5
Q

What is the bridge connecting one cerebral hemisphere to the other

A

Corpus callosum

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6
Q

What is the fissure called that separates the cerebral hemisphere and the cerebellum

A

Transverse fissure

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7
Q

What separates the frontal from the temporal lobe

A

The lateral sulcus

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8
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobe

A

The Central sulcus

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9
Q

What Gyrus sit beside the central sulcus

A

Infront - Pre central gyrus

Behind - Post central gyrus

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10
Q

What separates the occipital and parietal lobe

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Only seen on the medial surface

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11
Q

What sulci and gyrus sits above the corpus callous

A

Cingulate sulcus and glyrus

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12
Q

Where is the hippocampus located

A

Curved under the on the medial surface of the temporal lobe

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13
Q

Where is the insula located

A

Folded deep within the lateral sulcus

separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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14
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal - Motor Function, Higher Mental Functions and Intellect

Parietal - Somatosensory (touch, temp, pain, pressure)

Temporal - Hearing and Smell

Occipital - Vision

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15
Q

What is the area No.4 in the frontal lobe,

A

Precentral gyrus

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16
Q

What is the function of area no. 4

A

Is the primary motor complex (all neurones from here relate to moving muscles in the body)

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17
Q

There is somatotopic representation in the pre central gyrus, what is this

A

= Motor Homunculus,
which means the amount of space the a muscle group takes up is dependant on how much dexterity a muscle group uses not on the size of the muscle

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18
Q

What is the area No.6 in the frontal lobe,

A

Pre Frontal cortex

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19
Q

What is the function of area no.6

A

Organises how muscle groups act together

cognitive functions of higher order- intellect, judgement, prediction, planning

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20
Q

What is area no. 8 associated with

A

frontal eye fields

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21
Q

What is area no. 44-45

A

Brocas area of motor speech

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22
Q

How does Brocas area of motor speech work

A

Thought process feeds into brocas area,

Broca area decides how we formulate what we want to say

Info then goes to percentral gyrus, and stimulates all the muscles we use to talk

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23
Q

What is area, 1, 2 and 3 in the parietal lobe, and where are they exactly located

A

Primary sensory area lying in the post central gyrus,

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24
Q

What is the function of area 1, 2 and 3 in the parietal lobe

A

Receives general sensation from contralateral half of the body and has somatotopic representation

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25
Q

What is the functions of the superior parietal lobe

A

Consciousness awareness of contralateral half of the body

Sensory association area - interpretation of general sensory information

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26
Q

What is the function of inferior parietal lobe

A

Global association area - makes sense of all information given

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27
Q

How does the location of the inferior parietal lobe aid its function

A

interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory assocation area

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28
Q

What is the symptoms if lesion occurs in the parietal lobe on the non dominant side

A

Hemisensory neglect - perceive the sensation but don’t understand they have other half of the body (agnosia)

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29
Q

What is the symptoms in lesion occurs in the parietal lobe on the dominant side

A

Acalculia - cant count

Agraphia - cant write

30
Q

What is present in the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, and whats its function

A

Olfactory bulb, so receives information from olfactory tract for smelling

31
Q

What is present in the superior surface of the temporal lobe, and whats its function

A

Auditory association area - makes sense of nose (hearing)

Auditory cortex

32
Q

What is the location of Wernickes area (41-42)

A

located in the posterior section of the superior temporal usually the left cerebral hemisphere (commonly the dominant side)

This area encircles the auditory cortex on the lateral sulcus

33
Q

What is the location of the auditory association area on the dominant side and how does this help its specialised function

A

Located posterior to Wernickes area and Is further specialised to pick up and decide language on the dominant side of the brain

34
Q

Where and what is area no. 17 in the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex located either side of the calcarine fissure

35
Q

What is the location and function of the calcarine fissure

A

is located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe and divides the visual cortex into two

36
Q

What is area no.18-19 in the occipital lobe

A

Visual association cortex - interpretation of visual images

37
Q

Where is the limbic lobe found

A

Found on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere

38
Q

What is included in the limbic system

A

Cingluate gyrus

The hippocampus

parahippocampus gyrus

amygdala (subcortical grey matter close to temporal pole)

39
Q

What is the purpose of the limbic system

A

Memory

Emotional aspects o behaviour

40
Q

What is the two language areas of the brain

A

Brocas area (44-45)- production of speech found on frontal lobe

Wernickes area (41-42)-comprehension of speech found unilateral on temporal lobe

41
Q

What occurs in Wernicks aphasia

A

Sensory defect in temporal lobe:

Fluent speech with new meaningless words

Cant understand speech

Don’t know mistakes

no paralysis

42
Q

What occurs in Brocas aphasia

A

Motor defect in frontal lobe:

Understands speech

Misses small words - can make full sentences

Aware of difficulties in speech

Potential paralysis/weakness on one side of the body

43
Q

What is white matter composed of

A

Myelinated axon fibres bundles into tracts

44
Q

What is the three types of myelinated axon fibres

A

Commisural Fibres

Association Fibres

Projection Fibres

45
Q

What is purpose of commisural fibres

A

Connects corresponding areas of two hemispheres in the corpus callous

46
Q

What is the purpose of the association fibres

A

Connects one part of the cortex with another

either long connecting one lobe to another or short connecting a primary area to an association area

47
Q

What is the purpose of the projection fibres

A

run between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres

48
Q

What is the internal capsule

A

Made up of projection fibres passing to and from cerebral cortex

49
Q

What surrounds the internal capsule, and what affect does this have

A

Grey matter nuclei: thalamus and Basal ganglia tightly surround the internal capsule creating a densely concentrated V shapped tract that is the internal capsule

50
Q

What supplies the internal capsule

A

Middle cerebral artery

51
Q

What is the clinical affect of internal capsule and its blood supply

A

Because of dense concentration of fibres if there is an embolism in the middle cerebral artery branch it will end up with very dense stroke as contains alot of fibres that are going to be affected

52
Q

What is the basal ganglia

A

Connection of neuronal cell bodies (grey matter) connections sitting in the base of the cerebral hemisphere

(subcortical nuclei deep within cerebral hemisphere)

53
Q

What is the basal ganglia composed of

A

Caudate nucleus

Lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)

Substantia nigra

54
Q

Where is the caudate nucleus located

A

Starts as a large head medial to the internal capsule, a body and slender curving tail which follows curve of the lateral ventricle

55
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located

A

In the midbrain

characterised by black line running across mid brain section

56
Q

What is different to the substantia nigra compared to other basal ganglia components

A

Non anatomically part of basal ganglia as not located in the cerebral hemisphere but is functionally part of basal ganglia

57
Q

What lies in the wall of the lateral ventricle

A

Caudate nucleus

58
Q

What lies beside the third ventricle

A

Thalamus

59
Q

What lies lateral the the caudate and the thalamus

A

the internal capsule

60
Q

What lies lateral to the internal capsule

A

the lentiform nucleus made up of the globes plaids medially and the putamen laterally

61
Q

What are input region of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus and the putamen

62
Q

Where does the caudate nucleus and the putamen receive information

A

Motor cortex (4)
Pre motor cortex (8)
Thalamus

63
Q

How do the caudate and putamen communicate

A

Via grey fibres called straight nucleus that cross over part of the internal capsule

64
Q

What is the output region for the input regions of the basal ganglia to feed there information

A

The globes plaids and the substation nigra

65
Q

Where is information primary projected to from the output regions of the basal ganglia

A

Thalamus

66
Q

After output region send info to the thalamus, where does the thalamus project information

A

in-turn sends fibres to the motor cortex

67
Q

What is the overall function of the basal ganglia

A

Help regulate initiation and termination of movements (overcomes inertia)

Control movement by connecting to motor cortex

68
Q

What is basal function often called due to its function and why

A

Extrapyramidal system as feeds back into pyramidal tracts

69
Q

What occurs in the pathology of parkinson

A

The neurons of the substantia niagra are dying so cant feed into pyramidal tracts

therefore becomes difficult to initiate movement - shuffle along - then find it difficult to stop and have a mast like face

70
Q

What over pathologies can arrises from basal ganglia

A

chorea

athetosis

The Nervous System: Physiology (15 decks)

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