Cells and Tissue of the Nervous system

Question 1

What is the central nervous system and periphery nervous system composed of

Answer 1

CNS- Brain and spinal cord

PNS- cranial and spinal nerves

Question 2

What is the divisions of the PNS

Answer 2

Sensory - afferent

Motor - efferent

Question 3

What is the further division of Efferent PNS

Answer 3

Somatic - voluntary

Autonomic - involuntary (sympathetic/parasympathetic)

Question 4

What is the two cell types found in the neurosytem

Answer 4

Neurons - excitable cells

Gilal cells - nonexcitable supporting cells

Question 5

What is the features and structure of a typical neuron

Answer 5

Composed of multiple dendrites
cell body
One long axon
and a sympathetic terminal

With AP traveling from the cell dendrites to sympathetic terminals

Question 6

What is the 3 different types of neurons

Answer 6

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar

Question 7

What type of neurone is the most typical motor neurone

Answer 7

Mutipolar

Question 8

What type of neurone is pseudo unipolar

Answer 8

Sensory neurone

Question 9

What is the important about the structure of pseudo unipolar

Answer 9

Dendrite passes onto to axon directly as celll body sits outside central nervous system - ganglion

Question 10

What kind of neurone is bipolar

Answer 10

specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses
(smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions)

Question 11

Were are bipolar neurons found

Answer 11

Olfactory mucosa

Retinal nerve fibres

Question 12

What features of neurone allow it to have a high metabolic rate

Answer 12

Prominent Nucleus with loos chromatin

Mitochondria
rER
Golig apparatus

Question 13

What is the cytoplasm in the cell body and axon called

Answer 13

Cell body - perikaryon

axon - axoplasm

Question 14

What is features of neurones

Answer 14

Long living
Axon has the potential to grow bak
Amitotic - cant do mitosis (cell body damage is irreversible)

Question 15

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath (the envelope around the axon

Answer 15

increases conduction speed in axons by saltory conduction

Question 16

How does salutary conducting occur

Answer 16

AP jumps from node of raniver to next node

Question 17

What is similarity and differences between myelinated and non myelinated axon

Answer 17

Both axons have schwann cells wrapped around

but in nonmyelinated axon still wrapped by schwann cells but myelin sheath is not formed

Question 18

What produces myelin sheath

Answer 18

Schwann cells (PNS)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Question 19

What disease shows the clinical importance of myelin sheath

Answer 19

Multiple sclerosis

Question 20

What occurs in multiple sclerosis and what is the affect of this

Answer 20

Patchy loss/scarring of myelin sheath = demyelination

meaning nerve conduction across affected axons is abnormal

Question 21

What is a good investigation for multiple sclerosis

Answer 21

MRI as shows plaque with demyelination

Question 22

What is the name of a myelinated axon

Answer 22

mesaxon

Question 23

Why don’t pain and sensory follow the same path

Answer 23

As have different tracts

Question 24

Define tracts

Answer 24

bundles of axons carrying specific information within the white matter = fibre pathways

Question 25

What forms the grey matter in the CNS

Answer 25

Cell bodies and non myelinated axons

Question 26

What forms the white matter in the CNS - why is it white?

Answer 26

Myelinated axons white as myelin (from membrane lipids) colours the matter

Question 27

What forms the myelinated axons and cell bodies in the periphery

Answer 27

nerves and ganglions

Question 28

What is a collection of cell bodies called in the central nervous system

Answer 28

Nuclei

Question 29

What is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS called

Answer 29

Ganglion

Question 30

What is the 4 glial cells found in the CNS

Answer 30

astrocyte oligodendrocyte Microglia ependymal

Question 31

Function fo astrocyte

Answer 31

Covers the synapse and capillaries Forms blood brain barrier - help in K+ buffering

Question 32

What is the function of microgilal

Answer 32

Phagocytees | scar tissue formation

Question 33

What is the function of ependymal

Answer 33

Line ventricles

Question 34

What is the two Glial cells found in the PNS

Answer 34

Satellite cells | Schwann cells

Question 35

What is the function of satellite cells

Answer 35

Surround neuronal cell bodies

Question 36

What is 4 big parts of the brain

Answer 36

cerebellum Cerebrum Diencephalon Brainstem

Question 37

What is the three parts of the brain stem

Answer 37

mid brain pons medulla

Question 38

Where does the cranial nerve comes from

Answer 38

Brain stem

Question 39

What does the cavity inside the neural tube from in the development of the nervous system

Answer 39

Ventricles

Question 40

How many ventricles are formed and what are they called

Answer 40

2 lateral ventricles 3rd ventricle Cerebral aqueduct 4th Ventricle

Question 41

Where is the lateral ventricles found

Answer 41

Cavity in the cerebral hemisphere

Question 42

Where is the third ventricle

Answer 42

Cavity in the diencephalon

Question 43

What is the smallest ventricle and where is it located

Answer 43

The cerebral aqueduct | Found going down the middling e

Question 44

Where is the fourth ventricle exactly located

Answer 44

In the hindbrain | between the cerebellum posteriorly and the pons/medulla anteriorly

Question 45

As soon as the neural tube forms what does it divided into and then further divide into

Answer 45

3 primary vesicles and then 5 secondary vesicles

Question 46

What is the 3 primary vesicles

Answer 46

Prosencephalon - Forebrain Mesencephalon - Midbrain Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain

Question 47

What is the 5 secondary vesicles

Answer 47

Telencephalon - forebrain Diencephalon -forebrain Mesencephalon - midbrain Metencephalon -hindbrain Myelencephalon - hindbrain

Question 48

What does the telencephalon in the forebrain develop into

Answer 48

The cerebral hemisphere

Question 49

What does the diencephalon in the forebrain develop into

Answer 49

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 50

What does the hindbrain | (Metencephalon + Myelencephalon) develop into

Answer 50

Pons and medulla | and the cerebellum at the back

Question 51

What does the Mesencephalon develop into

Answer 51

the midbrain

Question 52

Where is CSF found

Answer 52

Inside the ventricles Centre canal of spinal cord - between pia and arachnoid

Question 53

Where is CSF formed

Answer 53

Fomred in the chord plexus in each ventricle | a thin vascular structure

Question 54

What is the function of the CSF

Answer 54

Responsible for the maintenance of the intracranial pressure

Question 55

What is the circulation of the CSF

Answer 55

Circulates ventricles then leave ventricular space between thin layer at the roof of the 4th ventricle Via 3 holes where it goes into the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord

Question 56

How and Where is the CSF absorbed

Answer 56

By the arachnoid villi into sagittal sinus

Question 57

What is it called when arachnoid villi join together

Answer 57

Granulation Arachnoid