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The Nervous System: Physiology > Cells and Tissue of the Nervous system > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue of the Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system and periphery nervous system composed of

A

CNS- Brain and spinal cord

PNS- cranial and spinal nerves

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2
Q

What is the divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory - afferent

Motor - efferent

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3
Q

What is the further division of Efferent PNS

A

Somatic - voluntary

Autonomic - involuntary (sympathetic/parasympathetic)

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4
Q

What is the two cell types found in the neurosytem

A

Neurons - excitable cells

Gilal cells - nonexcitable supporting cells

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5
Q

What is the features and structure of a typical neuron

A

Composed of multiple dendrites
cell body
One long axon
and a sympathetic terminal

With AP traveling from the cell dendrites to sympathetic terminals

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6
Q

What is the 3 different types of neurons

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar

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7
Q

What type of neurone is the most typical motor neurone

A

Mutipolar

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8
Q

What type of neurone is pseudo unipolar

A

Sensory neurone

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9
Q

What is the important about the structure of pseudo unipolar

A

Dendrite passes onto to axon directly as celll body sits outside central nervous system - ganglion

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10
Q

What kind of neurone is bipolar

A

specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses
(smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions)

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11
Q

Were are bipolar neurons found

A

Olfactory mucosa

Retinal nerve fibres

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12
Q

What features of neurone allow it to have a high metabolic rate

A

Prominent Nucleus with loos chromatin

Mitochondria
rER
Golig apparatus

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm in the cell body and axon called

A

Cell body - perikaryon

axon - axoplasm

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14
Q

What is features of neurones

A

Long living
Axon has the potential to grow bak
Amitotic - cant do mitosis (cell body damage is irreversible)

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath (the envelope around the axon

A

increases conduction speed in axons by saltory conduction

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16
Q

How does salutary conducting occur

A

AP jumps from node of raniver to next node

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17
Q

What is similarity and differences between myelinated and non myelinated axon

A

Both axons have schwann cells wrapped around

but in nonmyelinated axon still wrapped by schwann cells but myelin sheath is not formed

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18
Q

What produces myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells (PNS)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

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19
Q

What disease shows the clinical importance of myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis

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20
Q

What occurs in multiple sclerosis and what is the affect of this

A

Patchy loss/scarring of myelin sheath = demyelination

meaning nerve conduction across affected axons is abnormal

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21
Q

What is a good investigation for multiple sclerosis

A

MRI as shows plaque with demyelination

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22
Q

What is the name of a myelinated axon

A

mesaxon

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23
Q

Why don’t pain and sensory follow the same path

A

As have different tracts

24
Q

Define tracts

A

bundles of axons carrying specific information within the white matter = fibre pathways

25
Q

What forms the grey matter in the CNS

A

Cell bodies and non myelinated axons

26
Q

What forms the white matter in the CNS - why is it white?

A

Myelinated axons

white as myelin (from membrane lipids) colours the matter

27
Q

What forms the myelinated axons and cell bodies in the periphery

A

nerves and ganglions

28
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies called in the central nervous system

A

Nuclei

29
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS called

A

Ganglion

30
Q

What is the 4 glial cells found in the CNS

A

astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
Microglia
ependymal

31
Q

Function fo astrocyte

A

Covers the synapse and capillaries

Forms blood brain barrier
- help in K+ buffering

32
Q

What is the function of microgilal

A

Phagocytees

scar tissue formation

33
Q

What is the function of ependymal

A

Line ventricles

34
Q

What is the two Glial cells found in the PNS

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

35
Q

What is the function of satellite cells

A

Surround neuronal cell bodies

36
Q

What is 4 big parts of the brain

A

cerebellum
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem

37
Q

What is the three parts of the brain stem

A

mid brain
pons
medulla

38
Q

Where does the cranial nerve comes from

A

Brain stem

39
Q

What does the cavity inside the neural tube from in the development of the nervous system

A

Ventricles

40
Q

How many ventricles are formed and what are they called

A

2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
4th Ventricle

41
Q

Where is the lateral ventricles found

A

Cavity in the cerebral hemisphere

42
Q

Where is the third ventricle

A

Cavity in the diencephalon

43
Q

What is the smallest ventricle and where is it located

A

The cerebral aqueduct

Found going down the middling e

44
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle exactly located

A

In the hindbrain

between the cerebellum posteriorly and the pons/medulla anteriorly

45
Q

As soon as the neural tube forms what does it divided into and then further divide into

A

3 primary vesicles and then 5 secondary vesicles

46
Q

What is the 3 primary vesicles

A

Prosencephalon - Forebrain

Mesencephalon - Midbrain

Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain

47
Q

What is the 5 secondary vesicles

A

Telencephalon - forebrain

Diencephalon -forebrain

Mesencephalon - midbrain

Metencephalon -hindbrain

Myelencephalon - hindbrain

48
Q

What does the telencephalon in the forebrain develop into

A

The cerebral hemisphere

49
Q

What does the diencephalon in the forebrain develop into

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

50
Q

What does the hindbrain

(Metencephalon + Myelencephalon) develop into

A

Pons and medulla

and the cerebellum at the back

51
Q

What does the Mesencephalon develop into

A

the midbrain

52
Q

Where is CSF found

A

Inside the ventricles

Centre canal of spinal cord - between pia and arachnoid

53
Q

Where is CSF formed

A

Fomred in the chord plexus in each ventricle

a thin vascular structure

54
Q

What is the function of the CSF

A

Responsible for the maintenance of the intracranial pressure

55
Q

What is the circulation of the CSF

A

Circulates ventricles then leave ventricular space between thin layer at the roof of the 4th ventricle Via 3 holes where it goes into the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord

56
Q

How and Where is the CSF absorbed

A

By the arachnoid villi into sagittal sinus

57
Q

What is it called when arachnoid villi join together

A

Granulation Arachnoid

The Nervous System: Physiology (15 decks)

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