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The Nervous System: Physiology > Memory and Cognition > Flashcards

Memory and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Define cognition

A

The integration of all sensory information to make sense of a situation, relying on the ability to learn and remember

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2
Q

What is required for learning and remembering to occur

A

Motivation

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3
Q

What allows memory and cognition to work together

A

Ability of central neurons to adapt their neuronal connections in responses to “learning” experiences

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4
Q

What areas of the cerebrum allows the process of cognition to occur

A

The association areas

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5
Q

What are the three components of the brain required for learning and memory

A

The hippocampus

Cortex

Thalamus

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6
Q

What is the function in hippocampus in cognition

A

Formation of memories

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7
Q

What is the function of the cortex in cognition

A

Storage of memories

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8
Q

What is the function of the thalamus in cognition

A

Searches and accesses

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9
Q

What does the limbic system do thats essential for memories to be formed

A

Gives emotional significance

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10
Q

Why does the limbic system have connections with the temporal and frontal lobes

A

which allow us to make sense of situations through learning

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11
Q

What is the 4 distinct areas of the limbic system

A

Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus

A

Plays a role in emotion

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13
Q

What is the function of the amygdala

A

involved in emotion and memory

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14
Q

What does the hypothalamus from a link between

A

Emotion and autonomic NS response

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15
Q

What drives our consciences and instinct behaviour

A

The seeking of reward and the avoiding of punishment

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16
Q

Stimulation of what areas in the limbic system makes a memory significant to be remembered

A

Electric stimulation of reward or punishment areas

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17
Q

Where does all sensory information go first in the limbic system

A

The hippocampus which is essential for the formation of memories

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18
Q

What occurs in bi-lateral hippocampal damage

A

Patients have immediate (sensory) memory (seconds in length) and intact long-term memory (from time before damage), but are unable to form new long-term memories

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19
Q

What is the affect of bilateral hippocampal damage on motor skills

A

The reflexive (motor memory) remains intact

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20
Q

What is the 4 divisions of memory

A

Immediate memory

Short term memory

Intermediate long term memory

Long term memory

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21
Q

What is immediate memory

A

Describes the ability to hold experiences in the mind for a few seconds

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22
Q

What decays faster visual or auditory memories

A

Visual memories decay fastest (<1s), auditory ones slowest (<4s).

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23
Q

How long does short term memory last and what is it used for

A

seconds - hours

Often called Working Memory as performs tasks such as dialling a phone number, mental arithmetic, reading a sentence etc

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24
Q

How long does intermediate long term memory last

A

hours to weeks e.g. what you did last weekend

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25
Q

What memory can be life long

A

Long term memory

26
Q

Why is short term memory a electrical phenomenon

A

It depends on maintained excitation from reverberating circuits

27
Q

What occurs in reverberating circuits in short term memory

A

On a constant positive feedback loop, as brief excretory stimulus will cause long lasting neuronal activity, as the revertebraing circuit neurones will continue to excite all the neurones in the pathway

28
Q

How does short term memory convert to long term memory

A

Repeated reverberation circuit results in consolidation of memory to long term memory storage

29
Q

What happens if memory is deemed insignificant

A

Reverberation fades and no consolidation occurs

30
Q

What occurs if reverberation is disrupted

A

Amnesia - memory loss

31
Q

What is the likely cause of reverberation disruption

A

following a head injury or infection, especially if it involves the hippocampus and/or thalamus

32
Q

What is the two types of amnesia

A

Anterograde – cannot form new memories

Retrograde – cannot access (more recent) old memories

33
Q

Why would a person with retrograde amnesia remember an events from years and years ago but cant remember what happens in the events leading up to the injury

A

As the memories from long time ago are better rehearsed and deeper ingrained

34
Q

Both types of amnesia are usually present but when would only retrograde amnesia be present

A

If the thalamus is damaged and the hippocampus spared due to the thalamus not being able to search fro existing memories

35
Q

What changes occur in intermediate long term memory and what does this cause

A

Chemical changes in presynaptic neurons:

leads to an increase in Ca++ entry to presynaptic terminals to increase neurotransmitter release

36
Q

What changes occur in long term memory

A

Structural changes at the synapses

37
Q

What are the three potential structural changes occurring at the synapse in Long term memory

A

Increase in NT release sites on presynaptic membrane.

Increase in number of NT vesicles stored and released.

Increase in number of presynaptic terminals

38
Q

What is often observed in the post-synaptic cell in the formation of long term memory

A

Increased amplitude in graded membrane potential = Long term potentiation

39
Q

What is the purpose of Long term potentiation

A

Strengthens the synapse and forms the basis of learning and memory

40
Q

What is unique to each particular memory in the long term memory

A

Well rehearsed pattern of neuronal firing

41
Q

What is the two main types of long term memory

A

Declarative/explicit memory

Procedural/reflexive/implicit

42
Q

Where is declarative memory usually based

A

The hippocampus

43
Q

What is decorative memory

A

Abstract memory for events (episodic memory)

and for words, rules and language (semantic memory).

44
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Motor memory for acquired motor skills

45
Q

How is procedural memory usually acquired

A

acquired slow through repetition

46
Q

What occurs if you think about procedural memories

A

Impairs performance

47
Q

Where is procedural memoires usually based

A

The cerebellum

48
Q

What is procedural memories independent of

A

The hippocampus

49
Q

Define consolidation

A

Selective strengthening of synaptic connections through repetition

50
Q

What does memory exist as during consolidation process

A

Electrical activity

51
Q

Memory can easily be wiped during consolidation, therefore what does it require for long term memories to actually form

A

Attention

52
Q

What asses the significant of an event in short term memory

A

Frontal cortex and its association areas and the reward/punishment areas in the limbic system

53
Q

How and where are new memories stored

A

New memories are coded and stored in the association areas of the cortex along with other existing memories the brain deems similar

54
Q

What process allows a memory to stay within long term memory until consolidation process is complete

A

The frontal cortex gating memory into papez circuit

55
Q

What is papez circuit made up of

A

Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Mammillary bodies
Anterior thalamus

56
Q

Where are different components of memory laid down in the long term memory

A

Long term memory stored in relevant cortex

57
Q

What recalls long term memories

A

Multiple associations - memories have strong emotional component to them

58
Q

Why are smells an especially powerful in evoking long term memorys

A

Olfactory stimuli are relayed from the olfactory tract through the amygdala and hippocampus to the prefrontal cortex where they can be acknowledged,
so pass continually through limbic system

59
Q

Why in Korsakoffs syndrome is the ability to consolidate memory impaired

A

As the chronic alcoholism leads to Vitamin B1 deficiency which leads to damage of limbic system structures

60
Q

How does alzheimers disease cause gross impairment of memory

A

due to severe loss of cholinergic neurons throughout the brain

61
Q

What is the link between REM sleep and memory

A

Dreaming may enable memory consolidation, reinforce weak circuits

as subjects deprived of REM sleep show significant impairment of memory consolidation for complex cognitive tasks

62
Q

What affect does Korsakoffs syndrome or alzheimers have on REM

A

Reduces REM sleep

cholingeric neurones responsible for REM

The Nervous System: Physiology (15 decks)

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