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The Nervous System: Physiology > Motor Control 1 > Flashcards

Motor Control 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Motor control is a functional hierarchy with how many levels

A

3
High
Middle
Low

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2
Q

What is present in the high level functional hierarchy and what is its function

A

Association neocortex
and basal ganglion

Purpose = strategy
(the goal the movement strategy to best achieve this goal)

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3
Q

What is present in the middle level functional hierarchy and what is its function

A

Motor cortex
Cerebellum

Purpose = tactics
(the sequence of spatiotemporal muscle contractions to achieve a goal smoothly and accurately)

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4
Q

What is present in the low level functional hierarchy and what is its function

A

Brain stem and spinal cord

Purpose = activation of motor neurone and interneurone pools to generate goal directed movements

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5
Q

What do lateral pathways control

A

Voluntary movement

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6
Q

What do ventromedial pathways control

A

Posture and locomotion

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7
Q

Ventromedial pathways are under what control

A

Brain stem (nuclei)

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8
Q

Lateral pathways are under what control

A

Direct cortical control

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9
Q

What are the two pathways in the spine

A

Lateral pathway

Ventromedial pathway

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10
Q

What are the two lateral pathways that control voluntary movement

A

Corticospinal tract

Rubrospinal tract

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11
Q

What are the four ventromedial pathways that control posture and locomotion

A

Medullary reiculospinal tract

Pontine reticulospinal tract

Vestibulospinal tract

Tectospinal tract

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12
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract

A

Carries fibres from cerebrum & brainstem to skeletal muscles via spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the overall route for the tract of the lateral and ventromedial pathways

A

Descending tracts travel in white matter (because they’re myelinated) then synapse with LMN cell bodies in ventral ramus grey matter of the spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the longest tract in the body

A

The cortospinal tract

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15
Q

Where does the Cortospinal tract originate

A

2/3
Areas 4 and 6 (brodmann) frontal primary motor cortex

1/3 somatosensory cortex

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16
Q

Where does the corticospinal decussate (cross over)

A

At the medulla- spinal cord junction

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17
Q

What does decussation of the corticospinal tract result in

A

Right motor cortex controls left side : left motor cortex controls right side

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18
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract axons synapse

A

ventral horn motor neurones and interneurones to control muscles

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19
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract start

A

In the red nucleus of the midbrain

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20
Q

What symptoms arise due to lessons in CST and RST

A

fine movements of arms and hands lost

(Can’t move shoulders, elbows, wrist and fingers independently)

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21
Q

What occurs if CST has a leison on it own

A

fine movements of arms and hands is again lost but function repairs after a few months as is taken over by RST

22
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract

A

Maintain balance and posture when head moves so stabilizes the Head & Neck

23
Q

What is the function of the Tectospinal tract

A

Ensures eyes remain stable as the body moves

24
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate

A

Vestibular nuclei in the medulla

25
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate

A

Superioir colliculus in the midbrain

26
Q

Where does Pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts originate

A

Brainstems reticular formation

27
Q

What is the function of the

Pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts

A

Use sensory information about balance, body position and vision to reflexly maintain balance and body position

28
Q

What does the pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts innervate

A

Trunk and antigravity muscles in limbs

29
Q

What is the pathway of descending motor control

A
  1. Primary motor cortex/pre motor areas
  2. Upper motor neurones in the cortex/brainstem
  3. white matter of spinal cord as tract pathways
  4. Lower motor neurones in the grey matter of spinal cord
30
Q

How are lower motor neurones distributed

A

Somatotopic

-specific relation between particular body regions and corresponding motor areas of the brain

31
Q

Lower motor neurones are located where in the spinal cord

A

The grey matter

32
Q

Where does the the Lower motor neurones more lateral in the grey matter innervate

A

Distal limb muscles

33
Q

Where does the the Lower motor neurones more medial in the grey matter innervate

A

Proximal limb and axial muscles

34
Q

How do white matter tracts differ from lower motor neurones

A

In origin and function

35
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex (area 4) located

A

Precentral gyrus

36
Q

Where is the premotor cortex (area 6) located in relevance to primary motor cortex

A

Anterioventral to the percentile gyrus

closer to the nasal/oral area

37
Q

What areas of the cortex are involved in planing and instructing the voluntary movements

A

Primary motor cortex (Area 4)

Premotor areas/supllementary Area 6

Prefrontal cortex

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Post-central gyrus)

Posterior Parietal Cortex (Visual Input) (Area 5&7)

38
Q

What information does the cerebral cortex need to function

A

where the body is in space

where it wants to go

and select a plan to get there

39
Q

What is the two areas that make up area 6

A

Premotor area

Supplementary motor area

40
Q

How does supplementary motor area innervate motor units

A

Directly

41
Q

How does Pre motor area innervate motor units

A

connects reticulospinal neurones innervating proximal motor units

42
Q

How is the somatotopic motor map not precise

A

It does not represent upper motor neurones causing individual muscle movements

is functional rather than muscle specific

43
Q

What does microsimulation in specific area of primary motor cortex elicit

A

coordinated movements of hand and mouth

or

movements that bring hands into central space to inspect/manipulate objects

44
Q

What is the purpose of posterior parietal cortex (areas 5 and 7) in for the cerbral cortex coordination of body movement

A

To give a mental image of body in space is generated by somatosensory, proprioceptive and visual inputs

45
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex combined

A

Decide what movement to make

46
Q

What is the function of area 6 in coordinating body movements

A

Encodes signals from the axons of prefrontal and parietal cortex

and converts into how the actions will be carried out
firing the decision making neurones

47
Q

What is the function of area 4 in coordinating body movements

A

Performs the movement by activating neurones of Corticospinal tract and Rubrospinal tract

48
Q

When do premotor fibres fire action potential in relevance to when movement occurs

A

1 second before movement occurs

49
Q

What makes the premotor area fire decision making neurones

A

When movement is made or rehearsed mentally

and when
watching others perform the movement

50
Q

What is the two overall objective of motor circuits

A

to plan our movements and allow understanding of the actions/goals of others

51
Q

What may premotor neurones also underpin

A

emotions and empathy

52
Q

when may premotor neurones be dysfunctional

A

autism

The Nervous System: Physiology (15 decks)

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