Topic A: Physical Flashcards
What’s the difference between growth and development?
Growth is an increase in a measured variable such as height whereas development follows an orderly sequence such as language.
What’s the difference between fine and gross motor skills?
Fine motor skills use small muscles for small movements whereas gross motor skills are large movements using larger muscles.
Identify all the life stages and ages.
Infancy 0-2
Early childhood 3-8
Adolescence 9-18
Early adulthood 19-45
Middle adulthood 45-65
Later adulthood 65+
What are 4 milestones that happen during infancy?
Sitting
Standing
Cruising
Walking
What gross motor skills can occur in the infancy life stage?
Lift head and chest when laying on front
Roll over
Sit up without support
Stand without help
What fine motor skills occur during infancy?
Grasp fingers and rattle
Move objects from hand to hand
Use finger and thumb
manipulate toys
Draw
What is palmar grasp?
When an object is placed in infants hand they will grasp their fingers around it
What is pincer grasp?
Using the index finger and thumb to pick up small objects
How can an infant be encouraged to use fine and gross motor skills?
Tummy time with pillow
Help balance using toys
Praising a child
words of encouragement
What gross/fine motor skills can a 3 year old do?
Run
Balance on one food
Turn pages or a book
Use pedals to ride tricycle
What fine/gross motor skills can a 4 year old do?
Kick
Throw ball
Manipulate small objects
Tripod grip
Hand eye co ordination
What is tripod grip?
Using thumb index and middle finger to use pencil skills and fasten buttons around age 3-4
What gross/fine motor skills can a 5 year old do?
Walk in a straight line
Write their own name
Hop using separate feet
cut out simple shapes
What gross/fine motor skills can a 6 year old do?
Skips
Ride a bike
What gross/fine motor skills can a 7 year old do?
Run forwards and backwards
What gross/fine motor skills can an 8 year old use?
Good strength and body co ordination
Use joined up handwriting
Take on range of activités
Take part in sports
Define puberty
a period of rapid change and growth to react sexual maturity and can biologically reproduce.
Define hormones
chemical substances produced in the body and transported into the bloodstream to control or regulate organs
What are primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
Primary- changes and development of reproductive organs
Secondary- outward/external signs of development
Name 2 primary and secondary sexual characteristics for females
Primary- ovaries begin to release eggs, vagina lengthens
Secondary- hair growth in armpit and pubic area, breasts develop
Name 2 primary and secondary sexual characteristics for males
Primary- enlargement of penis and testes, testicles begin producing sperm
Secondary- change in larynx, redistribution of muscle tissue and fat
PIES during adolescence
P- body changes, weight gain
I- more maturity, academic learning
E- low/high self-esteem, embarrassment
S- peer pressure, new friendships or relationships
Name 3 features of early adulthood
Perimenopause, physical strength peaks, Pregnancy and lactation occur
Define maturity
To have fully developed physically, intellectually, emotionally and socially
Name the effects of hormones in pregnancy
Affect size and shape of breasts, nipples darken, sickness and mood swings
PIES of pregnancy
P- sickness, increase in oestrogen and progesterone
I- forgetfulness
E- mood swings, stress, anxiety, low self-image
S- socialise with family, bring family together, meet other pregnant women
What is perimenopause?
When the body gradually begins to make less oestrogen and ovaries stop producing an egg each month
What are the physical and emotional effects of perimenopause due to?
Reduction in oestrogen
PIES of perimenopause
P- hot flushes, decreased level of oestrogen
I- lack of concentration, time off work
E- mood swings, low self concept
S- not many friends, not going out to events
Name 2 events that happen during middle adulthood
Menopause, ageing, deterioration of health
What is the menopause?
When fertility comes to an end, termination of menustruation and reduction in sex hormones
What are the effects of menopause?
P- stopped menstruation, less likely to conceive, loss of libido, vaginal dryness, irritability, hot flushes, night sweats, insomnia
E- mood swings, depression, anxiety and low self-concept
Effects of ageing
Increased weight, loss of skin elasticity, loss of muscle tone, greying hair, hair loss
What is deterioration of health?
When the body organs and functions begin to change
Name the effects of ageing on health
- Loss of height leading to compression of joints and change in posture
- loss of muscle and strength leading to falls and accidents
- Mobility changes (fine and gross motor skills)
Name the effects of ageing on intellectual abilities
-Mild cognitive impairment
-Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s more common
-loss of nerve cells and reduction in nerves ability to transmit electrical signals
forgetfulness and memory loss confusion
Name 2 features of later adulthood
deterioration of health and intellectual abilities
