Topic 9a: General Medical Conditions and the Athlete

Question 1

what is sudden death in sport?

Answer 1

an event that is nontraumatic, unexpected and occurs instantaneously (within minutes) of an abrupt change in an individual’s previous clinical state.

Question 2

biggest problem with sudden death in sport

Answer 2

• no warning
• need to be prepared at all times and alert

Question 3

signs and symptoms of sudden death

Answer 3

person collapses

Question 4

most common cause of cardiac death

Answer 4

HCM: enlarged heart
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 5

3 categories of sudden death

Answer 5

• cardiac causes in young athletes
• noncardiac causes in young athletes
• sudden death in athletes over 35 years old

Question 6

cardiac causes in young athletes

Question 7

what exactly is HCM?

Answer 7

left venticle and left ventricular wall specifically enlarged
- reduce volume of the (i think she said blood flow?)
- abnormal filling
- less efficient heart

Question 8

symptoms of HCM?

Answer 8

• wont be diagnosed until imaging
• syncope (lightheaded), palpitations, chest pain, racing or skipping heart beat (fluttering), dyspnea, family history of sudden death before age 50
• later: increased BP and HR

Question 9

what is coronary artery abnormalities

Answer 9

a congenital defect in one or more of the coronary arteries
- coronary arteries feed heart muscle with oxygen
- at age 35, lifestyle affects them
- causes heart attack

Question 10

what is aortic rupture?

Answer 10

• happens when someone has marfan syndrome which causes tears in aorta, leading to rupture
• connective tissue is weak and vulnerable

Question 11

how to know if someone has marfan syndrome?

Answer 11

• tall, thin and has arm span exceeds height
• sunkin chest
• joints are hypermobile
• kyphoscoliosis
• myopia

Question 12

what causes marfan syndrome?

Answer 12

costocarnal cartilage

Question 13

what syndromes are arrhythmias?

Answer 13

• wolff-parkinson-white syndrome (very fast heart rate) leads to tachycardia
• prolonged QT syndrome (time between QRST is extended) 440 milliseconds
• bradycardias (slow heart rate) 4+ seconds between beats is a problem

Question 14

QRS on arrhythmias slide 16

Answer 14

ventricular depolarization

Question 15

what is myocarditis?

Answer 15

• asymmptematic
• inflammation of heart tissue (cardiac muscle) making valves insufficient
• assosicated with arrhythmias (idk i think inflammation of inside heart)

Question 16

4 most common symptoms of myocarditis

Answer 16

• chest pain
• shortness of beath
• palpatations
• faint or dizziness

Question 17

what is pulmonary valve stenosis?

Answer 17

• pulmonary valve is thick and narrowed
• more pressure needs to be exerted
• high pressure in the right ventricle

Question 18

what is aortic valve stenosis?

Answer 18

• aortic valve is thickened and narrowed
• abnormally high pressure in the left ventricle
• left ventricular wall becomes thickened
• stenosis (narrowing) of the aortic valve

Question 19

mitral valve prolapse

Answer 19

heart murmur
- blood and bacteria can go backwards through a valve

Question 20

what causes noncardiac sudden death in young athletes?

Answer 20

• commotio cordis
• substance abuse (can cause depression)
• intracranial disorders (buildup of pressure around the brain usually result of head injuries)
• exertional hyperthermia
• exertional rhabdomyolysis (acute fatal disease caused by overexeration of muscles)

Question 21

symptoms of noncardiac sudden death in young athletes

Answer 21

• history of syncope (fainting)
• pain when taking deep breath

Question 22

what is sudden death in athletes over 35

Answer 22

usually coronary artery disease
or anything impairs circulation of blood
- plaque build up in vessels
- left coronary artery usually impacted more than right

Question 23

how to prevent sudden death in athletes

Answer 23

• screen athletes
• restrict activity in athletes with:
  
  • marfan’s
  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
  • atherosclerotic disease
  • coronary artery abnormalities
• know the warning signs
  
  • syncopea
  • shortness of breath
  • palpatations
  • chest pain

Question 24

what is anemia?

Answer 24

• a reduction in either the red blood cell volume (hematocrit) or hemoglobin concentration

Question 24

what are the ABC’s in first aid and CPR?

Answer 24

airway, breathing, circulation
- look (chest rising), listen (breathing), feel (pulse or chest rising)

Question 24

what are the causes for anemia?

Answer 24

• excess bleeding (can be nontraumatic)
• overuse of some medications (usually ones that cause bleeding)
• menstrual bleeding
• most common is iron deficiency

Question 25

what do athletes complain about the most when annemic?

Answer 25

• extreme fatigue
• tend to see performance decline as well
• may complain of burning thighs and nausea
• low serum ferritin levels

Question 26

cause of iron-deficient anemia?

Answer 26

• insufficient iron intake
• inadequate iron absorption
• accelerated iron loss:
  
  • Gastrointestinal (GI) loss of iron in runners is common
  • menstruation accounts for most iron loss in females
  • vegetarians may lack iron

Question 27

management of iron-deficient anemia?

Answer 27

• eat more red meat or dark poultry
• consume vitamin C
• take iron supplements

Question 28

what is runners anemia? (heelstrike hemolysis)

Answer 28

• not common
• caused by the impact of foot striking ground (destroys normal erythrocytes within vascular system)

Question 29

what is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 29

• abnormalities in hemoglobin structure (crescent shape)
• increases demand of oxygen

Question 30

symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

Answer 30

• swollen, painful and inflammed hands and feet
• severe fatigue
• headache
• pallor
• muscle weakness