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KINE2495: Introduction To Sport Related Injuries > Topic 5: Biomechanics and Pathology of Sports Injury > Flashcards

Topic 5: Biomechanics and Pathology of Sports Injury Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some intrinsic factors that can relate to sports injury?

A
  • age
  • sex
  • neuromuscular, structural, or performance factors
  • mental and psychological factors
  • postural deviations
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2
Q

what are some extrinsic factors that can relate to sports injury?

A

exposure of an injury situation
- potential hazards and unique risks of the sport
- position played
- amount of training and playing time
- competitive level

environment
- type and condition of playing surface
- weather conditions
- time of day
- time of season
- crowd control
- laxity of officials

equipment
- protective equipment
- footwear

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3
Q

what is mechanical injury?

A

an external force that impairs anatomical tissue structure or function causing injury
- injury will cause inflammatory response
- dependent on tissue properties and force

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4
Q

what is a “load” in tissue properties?

A
  • an external force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the tissues
  • can deform the tissue
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5
Q

what is “stiffness” in tissue properties?

A
  • ability of a tissue to resist a load
  • greater stiffness = greater magnitude load can resist
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6
Q

what is “stress” in tissue properties?

A
  • internal resistance to a load
  • stress is a force
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7
Q

what is “strain” in tissue properties?

A
  • internal change in tissue (ex. length) resulting in deformation
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8
Q

three types of tissue force?

A
  • compression
  • tension: pulls and stretches
  • shearing: force that moves diagonally
  • bending: compression on one side and tension on the other (causing by axial load)
  • torsion: loads caused by twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends. shear and compression forces causes this (sometimes tension)
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9
Q

what will the tissue do if it gets a positive stress? (it adapts well)

A

tissue will respond in positive manner. it will grow, get stringer, and resist more compressive loads

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10
Q

what will the tissue do if it gets an adverse (negative) stress? (it doesn’t adapt well)

A

injury will happen

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11
Q

what is the stress equation?

A

force divided by the area over which the force acts

force on larger area = less stress
force on small area = greater stress

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12
Q

what does the stress / strain curve represent?

A

how tissue responds to a load

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13
Q

what is creep?

A

plastic changes in tissue

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14
Q

what is the traumatic mechanism of injury?

A
  • physical injury or wound, produced by internal or external single force
  • macrotrauma
  • acute - something has initiated the injury process
  • example = a direct blow
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15
Q

what is the overuse mechanism of injury?

A
  • nature of physical activity dictates that over time injury will occur
  • microtrauma
  • chronic - when it doesn’t properly heal
  • example = repetitive loading over tie=me
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16
Q

where are the proteins collagen and elastin found in?

A

soft tissue (everything except bone)

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17
Q

what is collagen and what does it do in soft tissues?

A
  • collagen in the primary constituent of skin, tendon, ligaments
  • it is a protein substance strong in resisting tensile forces
  • allows for an elastic-type deformation or stretch but otherwise is inelastic
  • breaking point = 6-8% of length. if stretched beyond, tear occurs
  • straightened when loaded/tension and waved when not
  • provides strength
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18
Q

what is elastin and what does it do in soft tissues?

A

adds elasticity to soft tissues but not too much
- straightened when stretched and spirals when relaxed

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19
Q

what is a muscle strain?

A
  • stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue
  • can be mil to complete rupture
  • usually involves large force producing muscle
  • 6-8 weeks to heal
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20
Q

what is a grade I muscle strain?

A
  • some muscle fiber tearing
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21
Q

what is a grade II muscle strain?

A

many torn muscle fibers

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22
Q

what is a grade III muscle strain?

A

complete rupture of fibers (usually require surgery)

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23
Q

what is a muscle spasm (muscle guarding)?

A
  • a reflex reaction caused by trauma
  • splint the area in an effort to minimizime pain through limitation of motionwh
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24
Q

what are the two types of muscle spams?

A

clonic: alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession (ice and deep massage help)
tonic: rigid contraction that lasts a period of time (modality helps)

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25
Q

what is muscle soreness?

A

overexertion in exercise resulting in muscular pain. unaccustomed activity

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26
Q

what are the two types of muscle soreness?

A
  1. acute-onset muscle soreness (AOMS)
  2. delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
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27
Q

how do you prevent muscle soreness?

A

through gradual buildup of intensity

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28
Q

what causes tendon injuries?

A
  • collagen re-absorption that occurs with repeated microtrauma or immobilization
  • this weakens the tissue
29
Q

what is tendinitis?

A
  • tendon inflammation
  • gradual onset with repeated microtrauma
  • swelling and pain
  • crepitus = sticking of tendon due to accumulation of inflammatory by-products on irritated tissue (you can hear creaking)
  • treatment is rest and modify activity
30
Q

what is tendinosis?

A
  • poor healing of tendinitis - degenerated and results in tendinosis
  • less inflammation and more visibly swollen with stiffness and restricted motion
  • sometimes a tender lump will appear
  • common in middle or old age
  • treatment involves strething and strength
31
Q

what does “…ITIS” code for?

A

inflammation

32
Q

what is tenosynovitis?

A
  • inflammation of synovial sheath
  • acute cases: rapid onset, crepitus, and diffuse swelling
  • chronic cases: thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus
  • often occurs in long flexor tendons
  • due to nature of injury, anti-inflammatory agents may be helpful
33
Q

myofascial trigger points (knot in muscle)

A
  • due to mechanical stress on muscle fiber
  • active or latent trigger points
  • active = pain at rest
  • latent = pain with pressure
34
Q

when can a contusion occur?

A

when there is a sudden blow to the body and they can be deep or superficial
- chronically contused tissue may result in generation of calcium deposits

35
Q

what is myositis ossificans?

A

bone developing in the muscle because calcium deposits occur when there is repeated contusions and calcium is going to burn into bone

36
Q

what is atrophy?

A

wasting of muscle due to
- immobilization
- inactivity
- loss of nerve function

37
Q

what can a ligament sprain result in?

A
  • joint effusion (swelling)
  • bleeding in joint
  • increase in temperature
  • tenderness
  • bruising
38
Q

what is bursitis?

A
  • when a bursa becomes inflamed
  • bursa are fluid filled sacs that develop in areas of friction
  • acute: sudden irritation
  • chronic: overuse and constant external compression
  • swelling, pain, and some loss of function
  • repeated trauma can lead to calcification
39
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A
  • shaft of bone that is hallow and cylindrical
40
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A
  • bone structure that is composed of cancellous bone (soft, and then hardens) and has hyaline cartilage covering
41
Q

what is the periosteum?

A
  • bone structure that is dense, white fibrous covering that penetrates bone via Sharpey’s fibers
  • contains blood vessels and osteoblasts
42
Q

signs and symptoms of bone fractures?

A
  • deformity, pain, point tenderness, swelling, and pain on active and passive movements
  • possible crepitus
  • x-ray will be necessary for definitive diagnosis
43
Q

types of fractures:

A
  • greenstick
  • comminuted (horrible healing)
  • linear
  • transverse (nondisplaced)
  • oblique (nondisplaced)
  • spiral (displaced, require surgery to help with realignment)
44
Q

how long does it usually take for a bone to heal from a fracture?

A

6-8 weeks in a cast

45
Q

what is neuropraxia?

A
  • nerve conduction interrupted
  • major neuropraxia can lead to paralysis
  • compression, tension or trauma
  • impacts motor function more than sensory function
46
Q

signs and symptoms of neuropraxia?

A

radiating pain, pinch, burn, tingle, muscle weakness

47
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

skin, and vessel and organ linings

48
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fat and blood

49
Q

what is muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle

50
Q

what is nerve tissue?

A

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

51
Q

healing process phases

A
  1. inflammatory response phase (shortest)
  2. fibroblastic repair phase: body lays down new tissue
  3. maturation-remodeling phase (longest): body strengthens tissue
52
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain and tenderness

53
Q

what happens during the inflammatory response phase in the healing process?

A
  • injury results in altered metabolism and liberation of phagocytes
  • goals: protect, localize, decrease injurious agents, prepare for healing and repair
54
Q

what does it mean when there is chronic inflammation present in an area?

A

tissue has not been returned to its normal physiological state in its entirety and this is where inflammation becomes a bigger problem

55
Q

if injury agents remain in the area for too long, what starts to develop with chronic inflammation?

A

granulation and fibrotic tissue

56
Q

what is fibroplasia?

A

scar formation

57
Q

what regenerates during the fibroblastic repair phase?

A

capillary buds, fibroblasts, granulation tissue

58
Q

what is resolution in the fibroblastic repair phase?

A

where there is just a little bit of tissue damage when the injury is not too significant and the tissue restores itself

59
Q

what happens during the maturation and remodelling phase of healing?

A
  • collagen alignment related to applied tensile forces
  • collagen synthesis and breakdown increases strength
  • several years to complete
  • tissue gradually assumes normal appearance
60
Q

what factors help healing?

A
  • proper nutrients
  • proper sleep
  • many others
61
Q

what factors impede healing?

A
  • dehydration
  • extent of injury
  • too much swelling
  • poor blood supply
  • separation in tissue
  • infection
62
Q

why is cartilage healing difficult?

A

poor blood supply

63
Q

how to heal ligaments

A
  • proper care
  • proper stressing
  • random laying down of collagen
  • full healing may require 12 months
64
Q

what happens in skeletal muscle healing?

A
  • initial bleeding followed by proliferation of ground substance and fibroblast
  • myoblastic cells form = regeneration myofibrils
  • collagen will mature and orient along lines of tensile force
65
Q

how to heal a tendon

A
  • require union of separated ends (shorten them)
  • need a lot of collagen for good tensile strength
  • week 2: injured tendon adheres to surrounding tissues
  • week 3: tendon will gradually separate
  • by week 4/5 tensile strength increases
66
Q

what happens for nerve healing?

A
  • regeneration takes place within a nerve fiber
  • rate of healing occurs at 3-4mm per day (very slow)
  • optimal environment is necessary
  • injured central nervous system nerves do not heal as quickly as the peripheral nerves
67
Q

what happens during bone healing?

A
  1. hematoma formation: blood clot will form
  2. cellular proliferation: fibrocartilage formation (beginning of callus formation)
  3. callus formation will start to turn into that bone tissue (3 weeks)
  4. hard callus formed and there is a development of spongey bone
  5. remodelling process (another 3 weeks)
68
Q

when does healing start?

A

the moment you are injured and continues way after you go back to activity

KINE2495: Introduction To Sport Related Injuries (18 decks)

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