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KINE2495: Introduction To Sport Related Injuries > Topic 5: Biomechanics and Pathology of Sports Injury > Flashcards

Topic 5: Biomechanics and Pathology of Sports Injury Flashcards

1
Q

what are some intrinsic factors that can relate to sports injury?

A
  • age
  • sex
  • neuromuscular, structural, or performance factors
  • mental and psychological factors
  • postural deviations
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2
Q

what are some extrinsic factors that can relate to sports injury?

A

exposure of an injury situation
- potential hazards and unique risks of the sport
- position played
- amount of training and playing time
- competitive level

environment
- type and condition of playing surface
- weather conditions
- time of day
- time of season
- crowd control
- laxity of officials

equipment
- protective equipment
- footwear

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3
Q

what is mechanical injury?

A

an external force that impairs anatomical tissue structure or function causing injury
- injury will cause inflammatory response
- dependent on tissue properties and force

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4
Q

what is a “load” in tissue properties?

A
  • an external force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the tissues
  • can deform the tissue
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5
Q

what is “stiffness” in tissue properties?

A
  • ability of a tissue to resist a load
  • greater stiffness = greater magnitude load can resist
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6
Q

what is “stress” in tissue properties?

A
  • internal resistance to a load
  • stress is a force
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7
Q

what is “strain” in tissue properties?

A
  • internal change in tissue (ex. length) resulting in deformation
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8
Q

three types of tissue force?

A
  • compression
  • tension: pulls and stretches
  • shearing: force that moves diagonally
  • bending: compression on one side and tension on the other (causing by axial load)
  • torsion: loads caused by twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends. shear and compression forces causes this (sometimes tension)
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9
Q

what will the tissue do if it gets a positive stress? (it adapts well)

A

tissue will respond in positive manner. it will grow, get stringer, and resist more compressive loads

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10
Q

what will the tissue do if it gets an adverse (negative) stress? (it doesn’t adapt well)

A

injury will happen

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11
Q

what is the stress equation?

A

force divided by the area over which the force acts

force on larger area = less stress
force on small area = greater stress

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12
Q

what does the stress / strain curve represent?

A

how tissue responds to a load

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13
Q

what is creep?

A

plastic changes in tissue

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14
Q

what is the traumatic mechanism of injury?

A
  • physical injury or wound, produced by internal or external single force
  • macrotrauma
  • acute - something has initiated the injury process
  • example = a direct blow
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15
Q

what is the overuse mechanism of injury?

A
  • nature of physical activity dictates that over time injury will occur
  • microtrauma
  • chronic - when it doesn’t properly heal
  • example = repetitive loading over tie=me
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16
Q

where are the proteins collagen and elastin found in?

A

soft tissue (everything except bone)

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17
Q

what is collagen and what does it do in soft tissues?

A
  • collagen in the primary constituent of skin, tendon, ligaments
  • it is a protein substance strong in resisting tensile forces
  • allows for an elastic-type deformation or stretch but otherwise is inelastic
  • breaking point = 6-8% of length. if stretched beyond, tear occurs
  • straightened when loaded/tension and waved when not
  • provides strength
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18
Q

what is elastin and what does it do in soft tissues?

A

adds elasticity to soft tissues but not too much
- straightened when stretched and spirals when relaxed

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19
Q

what is a muscle strain?

A
  • stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue
  • can be mil to complete rupture
  • usually involves large force producing muscle
  • 6-8 weeks to heal
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20
Q

what is a grade I muscle strain?

A
  • some muscle fiber tearing
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21
Q

what is a grade II muscle strain?

A

many torn muscle fibers

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22
Q

what is a grade III muscle strain?

A

complete rupture of fibers (usually require surgery)

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23
Q

what is a muscle spasm (muscle guarding)?

A
  • a reflex reaction caused by trauma
  • splint the area in an effort to minimizime pain through limitation of motionwh
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24
Q

what are the two types of muscle spams?

A

clonic: alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession (ice and deep massage help)
tonic: rigid contraction that lasts a period of time (modality helps)

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25
what is muscle soreness?
overexertion in exercise resulting in muscular pain. unaccustomed activity
26
what are the two types of muscle soreness?
1. acute-onset muscle soreness (AOMS) 2. delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
27
how do you prevent muscle soreness?
through gradual buildup of intensity
28
what causes tendon injuries?
- collagen re-absorption that occurs with repeated microtrauma or immobilization - this weakens the tissue
29
what is tendinitis?
- tendon inflammation - gradual onset with repeated microtrauma - swelling and pain - crepitus = sticking of tendon due to accumulation of inflammatory by-products on irritated tissue (you can hear creaking) - treatment is rest and modify activity
30
what is tendinosis?
- poor healing of tendinitis - degenerated and results in tendinosis - less inflammation and more visibly swollen with stiffness and restricted motion - sometimes a tender lump will appear - common in middle or old age - treatment involves strething and strength
31
what does "...ITIS" code for?
inflammation
32
what is tenosynovitis?
- inflammation of synovial sheath - acute cases: rapid onset, crepitus, and diffuse swelling - chronic cases: thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus - often occurs in long flexor tendons - due to nature of injury, anti-inflammatory agents may be helpful
33
myofascial trigger points (knot in muscle)
- due to mechanical stress on muscle fiber - active or latent trigger points - active = pain at rest - latent = pain with pressure
34
when can a contusion occur?
when there is a sudden blow to the body and they can be deep or superficial - chronically contused tissue may result in generation of calcium deposits
35
what is myositis ossificans?
bone developing in the muscle because calcium deposits occur when there is repeated contusions and calcium is going to burn into bone
36
what is atrophy?
wasting of muscle due to - immobilization - inactivity - loss of nerve function
37
what can a ligament sprain result in?
- joint effusion (swelling) - bleeding in joint - increase in temperature - tenderness - bruising
38
what is bursitis?
- when a bursa becomes inflamed - bursa are fluid filled sacs that develop in areas of friction - acute: sudden irritation - chronic: overuse and constant external compression - swelling, pain, and some loss of function - repeated trauma can lead to calcification
39
what is the diaphysis?
- shaft of bone that is hallow and cylindrical
40
what is the epiphysis?
- bone structure that is composed of cancellous bone (soft, and then hardens) and has hyaline cartilage covering
41
what is the periosteum?
- bone structure that is dense, white fibrous covering that penetrates bone via Sharpey's fibers - contains blood vessels and osteoblasts
42
signs and symptoms of bone fractures?
- deformity, pain, point tenderness, swelling, and pain on active and passive movements - possible crepitus - x-ray will be necessary for definitive diagnosis
43
types of fractures:
- greenstick - comminuted (horrible healing) - linear - transverse (nondisplaced) - oblique (nondisplaced) - spiral (displaced, require surgery to help with realignment)
44
how long does it usually take for a bone to heal from a fracture?
6-8 weeks in a cast
45
what is neuropraxia?
- nerve conduction interrupted - major neuropraxia can lead to paralysis - compression, tension or trauma - impacts motor function more than sensory function
46
signs and symptoms of neuropraxia?
radiating pain, pinch, burn, tingle, muscle weakness
47
what is epithelial tissue?
skin, and vessel and organ linings
48
what is connective tissue?
tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fat and blood
49
what is muscle tissue?
skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle
50
what is nerve tissue?
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
51
healing process phases
1. inflammatory response phase (shortest) 2. fibroblastic repair phase: body lays down new tissue 3. maturation-remodeling phase (longest): body strengthens tissue
52
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Swelling Heat Altered function Redness Pain and tenderness
53
what happens during the inflammatory response phase in the healing process?
- injury results in altered metabolism and liberation of phagocytes - goals: protect, localize, decrease injurious agents, prepare for healing and repair
54
what does it mean when there is chronic inflammation present in an area?
tissue has not been returned to its normal physiological state in its entirety and this is where inflammation becomes a bigger problem
55
if injury agents remain in the area for too long, what starts to develop with chronic inflammation?
granulation and fibrotic tissue
56
what is fibroplasia?
scar formation
57
what regenerates during the fibroblastic repair phase?
capillary buds, fibroblasts, granulation tissue
58
what is resolution in the fibroblastic repair phase?
where there is just a little bit of tissue damage when the injury is not too significant and the tissue restores itself
59
what happens during the maturation and remodelling phase of healing?
- collagen alignment related to applied tensile forces - collagen synthesis and breakdown increases strength - several years to complete - tissue gradually assumes normal appearance
60
what factors help healing?
- proper nutrients - proper sleep - many others
61
what factors impede healing?
- dehydration - extent of injury - too much swelling - poor blood supply - separation in tissue - infection
62
why is cartilage healing difficult?
poor blood supply
63
how to heal ligaments
- proper care - proper stressing - random laying down of collagen - full healing may require 12 months
64
what happens in skeletal muscle healing?
- initial bleeding followed by proliferation of ground substance and fibroblast - myoblastic cells form = regeneration myofibrils - collagen will mature and orient along lines of tensile force
65
how to heal a tendon
- require union of separated ends (shorten them) - need a lot of collagen for good tensile strength - week 2: injured tendon adheres to surrounding tissues - week 3: tendon will gradually separate - by week 4/5 tensile strength increases
66
what happens for nerve healing?
- regeneration takes place within a nerve fiber - rate of healing occurs at 3-4mm per day (very slow) - optimal environment is necessary - injured central nervous system nerves do not heal as quickly as the peripheral nerves
67
what happens during bone healing?
1. hematoma formation: blood clot will form 2. cellular proliferation: fibrocartilage formation (beginning of callus formation) 3. callus formation will start to turn into that bone tissue (3 weeks) 3. hard callus formed and there is a development of spongey bone 4. remodelling process (another 3 weeks)
68
when does healing start?
the moment you are injured and continues way after you go back to activity

KINE2495: Introduction To Sport Related Injuries (18 decks)

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