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KINE2495: Introduction To Sport Related Injuries > Topic 7.1: Environmental Considerations > Flashcards

Topic 7.1: Environmental Considerations Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

who is at risk of heat related illnesses?

A
  • atheletes with large muscle mass (bodys produce more heat)
  • overweight athletes (football linemen) bc increased amount of adipose tissues
  • poor fitness (have to work harder sooner)
  • history of heat illness
  • children (fewer sweat glands, don’t tend to drink water as much)
  • elderly
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2
Q

what is heat stress?

A

how heat from external environment can inpact our internal temperarue

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3
Q

can heat illness be preventable?

A

yes

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4
Q

all the ways our body gains or gets rid of heat

A
  • metabolic: produced from heat from muscle
  • conductive: blood flow from muscles to core and skin. transferred even when feet hit the ground (requires physical contact)
  • convective: heat is lost from wind (can also be vice versa) (can also happen in water)
  • radiant: the heat we gain from the sun (increase core temperature) or by sitting by a fire
  • evaporation: most effective way to lose heat. body transfers water through sweat glands from surface of skin and it evaporated
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5
Q

when humitiy level is at 65%, what is impacted

A

our bodys ability to evaporate sweat

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6
Q

evaporation stop at what % of humidity?

A

75%

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7
Q

how much water is lost in our bodies every one to two hours?

A

quart of water every one to two hours

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8
Q

how to prevent heat illness?

A
  • stay hydrated (most important, 2 - 2.5L per day)
  • stay cool
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9
Q

people who exercise heavily lose how much water per hour?

A

1 - 1.5L/ hour

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10
Q

what are we drinking when we are thirsty?

A

50% of replacing what is lost

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11
Q

when do athletes REQUIRE to start being hydrated before a game?

A

24 hours prior
- consumed at regular intervals
- 17-20 fluid ounces of water or sports drink 2-3 hours prior to activity
- additional 7-10 fluid ounces 10-20 minutes before exercise

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12
Q

what percent fluid of body weight is lost during dehyrdration

A

2%

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13
Q

what does dehydration impair?

A

cardiovascular and thermoregulatory systems

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14
Q

signs and symptoms of dehydration?

A
  • thirst
  • dizziness
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • fainting
  • dry mouth
  • irritability
  • excessive fatigue
  • possible cramps
  • increased risk for heat illness
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15
Q

when might water not be enough for hydration? (sports drinks need)

A

an hour into exercise

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16
Q

how much carbohydrates is recommended in sports drinks?

A

14g of carbohydrates per 8 ounces

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17
Q

what are the stages of hyperthermia?

A
  1. heat syncope
  2. heat cramps
  3. heat exhaustion (much concerning)
  4. heat stroke (medical emergency)
  • each can cause the next one
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18
Q

causes of hyperthermia

A
  • specific electrolyte loss
  • failure of heat thermoregulation system
  • dehydration
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19
Q

what is heat syncope?

A
  • a response of possibly fainting after standing in hot environment for long time
  • body not cooling enough
  • stopping after exercise suddenly
  • body will start to pool blood in extremities which makes them feel dizzym
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20
Q

management of heat syncope

A
  • lay down in cool environment (incase they faint)
  • elevate lower extremities (ex. legs)
  • consuming fluids
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21
Q

what are heat cramps?

A
  • athletes overexert themselves and sweat profusely
  • painful muscle spams (calf and abdominal)
  • excessive water and electrolyte loss (sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium (look for in sports drinks))
  • can be very painful (often cannot go back into play)
22
Q

management for heat cramps?

A
  • ingest water and electrolytes
  • ice massage
23
Q

because of inadequate fluid replacement what happens to our cardiac output?

A

inability to sustain adequate cardiac outputs

24
Q

symptoms of heat exhaustion

A
  • profuse, full body, sweating
  • pale skin
  • mildly elevated temperature
  • dizziness
  • hyperventilation
  • nausea
  • loss of coordination
  • persistent muscle cramps
  • vomiting and diarrhea
25
Q

what is the core temperature of someone experiencing heat exhaution?

A

more that 105 ferehenit

26
Q

average core temperature

A

98.6 ferehenit

27
Q

treatment for heat exhaustion

A
  • fluid ingestion
  • place in cool environment
  • call 911 if not cooling down and not ingesting fluids
  • remove excess clothing
28
Q

what percent of people that get to heat stroke die?

A

20% will collapse and die

29
Q

difference between heat exhaustion and stroke

A

by the time someone has progressed into heat stroke, they no longer have the ability to sweat
- no longer have any internal ways to cool themselves. thermoregulation is no longer working
- skin now dry

30
Q

how hot do our cells die?

A

104 degrees ferheneit

31
Q

why will an athlete be aggitated when experiencing heat stroke?

A

they are confused and disoriented

32
Q

progression of heat stroke

A

hysteria, delirium, coma, collapse

33
Q

problems with getting someone in an ice bath when in heat stroke

A
  • consent
  • bigger athletes
  • protect airway or else risk of drowning
34
Q

what happens if there is no tub to submerge body into incase of heat stroke?

A
  • shower
  • dump water prefusely
  • do not be in any situation where nothing is possible
35
Q

how long after heat stroke can be returned to play

A

typically 1 week, gradual, not full.
- must be physician directed

36
Q

what is hypothermia

A

heat loss and drop in body temperature

37
Q

how is body heat lost

A

65% of body heat is lost through radiation
- 50% through head and neck
- 20% through evapoation
- 2/3 through skin
- 1/3 through respiration
- problem arises when heat lost exceeds heat production generated by metabolism

38
Q

what does heat loss result in?

A

impairment of neuromuscular function
- thyroxine increases to try and preserve heat

39
Q

at what body temperature results in death for hypothermia?

A

77-85 F

40
Q

what happens physiologically in the body for heat loss to occur?

A
  • vasoconstriction to prevent the bodies blood from leaving the core of the body with the vital organs
  • shivering
  • metabolic activity will increase in the heart, liver, endocrine organs and brain
  • fat used less as a fuel source (helps insulate the body)
  • thyroxine (increases metabolic activity in body) increases
41
Q

intrinsic risk factors (have control over) for hypothermia

A
  • lack or preparation
  • restrictive clothing
  • body type
  • fatigue
  • alcohol and tobacco
  • circulatory impairment
  • age
42
Q

extrinsic factors for hypothermia

A
  • wind
  • rapid weather changes
  • wet clothes
  • NOT absolute temperature
42
Q

what are the two types of cold (hypothermia) injuries?

A

peripheral and systemic

43
Q

what is peripheral hypothermia

A
  • body temperature is maintained while shell temperature drops drastically
  • frost nip
  • frostbite
44
Q

what is frost nip?

A

skin turns red and maybe goes numb after being outside for too long
- reversible

45
Q

what is frost bite?

A
  • can create damage to dermal and subcutaneous levels of the skin
  • can be either superficial or deep
46
Q

what is superficial frost bite?

A

does not involve the deeper layers of tissue and tends to be somewhat reversible when in early stages
- skin turns waxy and white. cells are starting to freeze
- starts to turn into deep frostbite

47
Q

what is deep frost bite?

A
  • involves deeper layers of skin
  • blue/black appearance
  • permanent
  • can lead to amputations
48
Q

what is systemic hypothermia?

A
  • core temperature drops below 94 F (34.4C)
  • metabolic processes decrease (HR, cardiac output, and blood pressure)
  • shivering increases but then stops when core temperature drops to and below 90F or 32C
  • numbness
  • muscle will be stiff so internal cannot help so must warm up externally
  • not thinking straight
49
Q

what to do when hypothermia occurs?

A
  • warm them
  • remove wet clothing
  • activate EMS
  • hot drinks is swallowing is possible
50
Q

hypothermia prevention

A
  • monitory weather and clothing
  • ensure warm drinks
  • watch sideline athletes
  • avoid dehydration

KINE2495: Introduction To Sport Related Injuries (18 decks)

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