Topic 7.1: Environmental Considerations Flashcards
1
Q
who is at risk of heat related illnesses?
A
- atheletes with large muscle mass (bodys produce more heat)
- overweight athletes (football linemen) bc increased amount of adipose tissues
- poor fitness (have to work harder sooner)
- history of heat illness
- children (fewer sweat glands, don’t tend to drink water as much)
- elderly
2
Q
what is heat stress?
A
how heat from external environment can inpact our internal temperarue
3
Q
can heat illness be preventable?
A
yes
4
Q
all the ways our body gains or gets rid of heat
A
- metabolic: produced from heat from muscle
- conductive: blood flow from muscles to core and skin. transferred even when feet hit the ground (requires physical contact)
- convective: heat is lost from wind (can also be vice versa) (can also happen in water)
- radiant: the heat we gain from the sun (increase core temperature) or by sitting by a fire
- evaporation: most effective way to lose heat. body transfers water through sweat glands from surface of skin and it evaporated
5
Q
when humitiy level is at 65%, what is impacted
A
our bodys ability to evaporate sweat
6
Q
evaporation stop at what % of humidity?
A
75%
7
Q
how much water is lost in our bodies every one to two hours?
A
quart of water every one to two hours
8
Q
how to prevent heat illness?
A
- stay hydrated (most important, 2 - 2.5L per day)
- stay cool
9
Q
people who exercise heavily lose how much water per hour?
A
1 - 1.5L/ hour
10
Q
what are we drinking when we are thirsty?
A
50% of replacing what is lost
11
Q
when do athletes REQUIRE to start being hydrated before a game?
A
24 hours prior
- consumed at regular intervals
- 17-20 fluid ounces of water or sports drink 2-3 hours prior to activity
- additional 7-10 fluid ounces 10-20 minutes before exercise
12
Q
what percent fluid of body weight is lost during dehyrdration
A
2%
13
Q
what does dehydration impair?
A
cardiovascular and thermoregulatory systems
14
Q
signs and symptoms of dehydration?
A
- thirst
- dizziness
- nausea
- vomiting
- fainting
- dry mouth
- irritability
- excessive fatigue
- possible cramps
- increased risk for heat illness
15
Q
when might water not be enough for hydration? (sports drinks need)
A
an hour into exercise
16
Q
how much carbohydrates is recommended in sports drinks?
A
14g of carbohydrates per 8 ounces
17
Q
what are the stages of hyperthermia?
A
- heat syncope
- heat cramps
- heat exhaustion (much concerning)
- heat stroke (medical emergency)
- each can cause the next one
18
Q
causes of hyperthermia
A
- specific electrolyte loss
- failure of heat thermoregulation system
- dehydration
19
Q
what is heat syncope?
A
- a response of possibly fainting after standing in hot environment for long time
- body not cooling enough
- stopping after exercise suddenly
- body will start to pool blood in extremities which makes them feel dizzym
20
Q
management of heat syncope
A
- lay down in cool environment (incase they faint)
- elevate lower extremities (ex. legs)
- consuming fluids
21
Q
what are heat cramps?
A
- athletes overexert themselves and sweat profusely
- painful muscle spams (calf and abdominal)
- excessive water and electrolyte loss (sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium (look for in sports drinks))
- can be very painful (often cannot go back into play)
22
Q
management for heat cramps?
A
- ingest water and electrolytes
- ice massage
23
Q
because of inadequate fluid replacement what happens to our cardiac output?
A
inability to sustain adequate cardiac outputs
24
Q
symptoms of heat exhaustion
A
- profuse, full body, sweating
- pale skin
- mildly elevated temperature
- dizziness
- hyperventilation
- nausea
- loss of coordination
- persistent muscle cramps
- vomiting and diarrhea
25
what is the core temperature of someone experiencing heat exhaution?
more that 105 ferehenit
26
average core temperature
98.6 ferehenit
27
treatment for heat exhaustion
- fluid ingestion
- place in cool environment
- call 911 if not cooling down and not ingesting fluids
- remove excess clothing
28
what percent of people that get to heat stroke die?
20% will collapse and die
29
difference between heat exhaustion and stroke
by the time someone has progressed into heat stroke, they no longer have the ability to sweat
- no longer have any internal ways to cool themselves. thermoregulation is no longer working
- skin now dry
30
how hot do our cells die?
104 degrees ferheneit
31
why will an athlete be aggitated when experiencing heat stroke?
they are confused and disoriented
32
progression of heat stroke
hysteria, delirium, coma, collapse
33
problems with getting someone in an ice bath when in heat stroke
- consent
- bigger athletes
- protect airway or else risk of drowning
34
what happens if there is no tub to submerge body into incase of heat stroke?
- shower
- dump water prefusely
- do not be in any situation where nothing is possible
35
how long after heat stroke can be returned to play
typically 1 week, gradual, not full.
- must be physician directed
36
what is hypothermia
heat loss and drop in body temperature
37
how is body heat lost
65% of body heat is lost through radiation
- 50% through head and neck
- 20% through evapoation
- 2/3 through skin
- 1/3 through respiration
- problem arises when heat lost exceeds heat production generated by metabolism
38
what does heat loss result in?
impairment of neuromuscular function
- thyroxine increases to try and preserve heat
39
at what body temperature results in death for hypothermia?
77-85 F
40
what happens physiologically in the body for heat loss to occur?
- vasoconstriction to prevent the bodies blood from leaving the core of the body with the vital organs
- shivering
- metabolic activity will increase in the heart, liver, endocrine organs and brain
- fat used less as a fuel source (helps insulate the body)
- thyroxine (increases metabolic activity in body) increases
41
intrinsic risk factors (have control over) for hypothermia
- lack or preparation
- restrictive clothing
- body type
- fatigue
- alcohol and tobacco
- circulatory impairment
- age
42
extrinsic factors for hypothermia
- wind
- rapid weather changes
- wet clothes
- NOT absolute temperature
42
what are the two types of cold (hypothermia) injuries?
peripheral and systemic
43
what is peripheral hypothermia
- body temperature is maintained while shell temperature drops drastically
- frost nip
- frostbite
44
what is frost nip?
skin turns red and maybe goes numb after being outside for too long
- reversible
45
what is frost bite?
- can create damage to dermal and subcutaneous levels of the skin
- can be either superficial or deep
46
what is superficial frost bite?
does not involve the deeper layers of tissue and tends to be somewhat reversible when in early stages
- skin turns waxy and white. cells are starting to freeze
- starts to turn into deep frostbite
47
what is deep frost bite?
- involves deeper layers of skin
- blue/black appearance
- permanent
- can lead to amputations
48
what is systemic hypothermia?
- core temperature drops below 94 F (34.4C)
- metabolic processes decrease (HR, cardiac output, and blood pressure)
- shivering increases but then stops when core temperature drops to and below 90F or 32C
- numbness
- muscle will be stiff so internal cannot help so must warm up externally
- not thinking straight
49
what to do when hypothermia occurs?
- warm them
- remove wet clothing
- activate EMS
- hot drinks is swallowing is possible
50
hypothermia prevention
- monitory weather and clothing
- ensure warm drinks
- watch sideline athletes
- avoid dehydration
