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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology > Topic 9: Descending control > Flashcards

Topic 9: Descending control Flashcards

1
Q

where does the ventromedial pathway travel?

A

ventral funiculus

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2
Q

What are tracts in ventromedial pathway?

A

vestibulospinal

tectospinal

reticulospinal

anterior corticospinal

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3
Q

What are tracts in lateral pathway?

A

lateral corticospinal

rubrospinal

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4
Q

What tract have this function: axial, limb & eye; balance & eye movements?

A

vestibulospinal

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5
Q

What tract have this function: proximal muscles; movement & posture?

A

reticulospinal & anterior corticospinal

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6
Q

What tract have this function: distal limb muscles; skilled movements?

A

lateral corticospinal

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7
Q

What does rubrospinal tract do?

A

activate proximal arm flexors

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8
Q

What does tectospinal tract innervate?

This tract is responsible for ________?

A

neck muscles

head orienting movements

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9
Q

Input of rubrospinal tract?

Input of tectospinal tract?

A

cerebellum & cortex

visual, somatosensory & auditory information

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10
Q

What are the subcortical motor systems?

A

all tracts except corticospinal

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11
Q

Where does the lateral pathway travel?

A

lateral funiculus

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12
Q

Where is the origin of rubrospinal tract?

Decribe pathway of rubrospinal tract? (bilateral/unilateral/ipsilateral/ contralateral)

A

red nucleus

unilateral & contralateral

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13
Q

What tract is rubrospinal tract adjacent to?

A

lateral corticospinal tract

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14
Q

What is the origin of tectospinal tract?

A

superior colliculus

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15
Q

Describe the pathway of tectospinal tract

(bilateral/unilateral/ ipsilatera/ contralateral) ?

A

unilateral & contralateral

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16
Q

Where is the origin of reticulospinal tract?

A

pontine & medullary reticular formation

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17
Q

what is reticular formation?

A

networks of neurons that run the length of brainstem

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18
Q

Of all the pathways in descending control, which one doesn’t receive input from cortex?

A

vestibulospinal

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19
Q

Describe the pathway of pontine reticulospinal tract (bilateral/unilateral/ ipsilatera/ contralateral) ?

Describe the pathway of medullary reticulospinal tract (bilateral/unilateral/ ipsilatera/ contralateral)

A

unilateral/ ipsilatera

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20
Q

what does pontine reticulospinal tract excite/inhibit? Is it inhibited or excited by higher center?

A

upper flexors & lower extensors

inhibited

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21
Q

What does medullary reticulospinal tract excite/inhibit? Is it it exhibited or excited by higher center?

A

excite upper flexors & inhibit all extensors

excited

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22
Q

How does reticulospinal tract support the premotor & motor cortex innitiate movement?

A

activate the proximal musculature to stabilize & prepare the body for these limb movements

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23
Q

What is the origin of vestibulospinal tract? Where is the input does it receive from?

A

vestibular nuclei

spiral ganglion via CN 8

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24
Q

Describe the pathway of medial vestibulospinal pathway (bilateral/unilateral/ ipsilateral/ contralateral) ?

A

bilateral via medial longitudinal fasciculus

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25
Q

What tract does also involve in cardiovascular & respiratory control, sleep & wakefulness functions?

A

reticulospinal tract

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26
Q

What does medial vestibulospinals pathway activate?

A

motor neurons & interneurons that innervate neck and back muscles

CN 3,4 & 6 nuclei for eye movement

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27
Q

Describe lateral vestibulospinal pathway (bilateral/ unilateral/ ipsilateral/ contralateral) ?

A

unilateral & ipsilateral

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28
Q

What does lateral vestibulospinal pathway specifically excite/ inhibit?

A

excite extensor motor neurons

inhibit flexor motor neurons of the limbs

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29
Q

Name all of the vestibulorspinal reflexes

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex

vestibulo-cervical reflex

vestibulo- spinal reflex

30
Q

What does vestibulo-ocular reflex allow you to do?

A

to gaze fixedly on an object when the head turns

31
Q

What does vestibulo-cervical reflex allow you to do?

A

maintain head position by activating neck muscles

32
Q

What does vestibulo-spinal reflex allow you to do?

A

maintain balance & posture

33
Q

Corticobullar pathway is projection of motor cortex neuron to _____?

A

the brainstem

34
Q

Brainstem motor neurons project to facial musculature via ______?

A

cranial nerves

35
Q

Corticospinal pathway is the projection of motor cortex neuron to _____?

A

spinal cord

36
Q

Spinal cord motor neurons project to body musculature via ______?

A

spinal nerves

37
Q

Why do we refer lateral corticospinal pathway as “the corticospinal pathway” ?

A

because it comprises of 90% of corticospinal pathway

ventral corticospinal comprises only 10%

38
Q

Where is the upper motor neurons in both corticospinal & corticobullar tract?

A

cortex

39
Q

T/F: Upper motor neurons in the cortex descend through grey matter to make synaptic connections in spinal cord

A

False

its cortical white matter

40
Q

Symptoms of lower motor neuron lesions

A

muscle weakness

reflexes are reduced or gone

decreased muscle tone, fasiculation & fibrilation

muscle atrophy/ paralyzed

41
Q

Where is the lower motor neurons for corticospinal tract?

A

ventromedial funiculus & dorsalateral funiculus of spinal cord

42
Q

Where is the lower motor neurons for corticobullar tract?

A

cranial nerve nuclei & other structures of brainstem regions

43
Q

Describe the pathway of corticalspinal tract

A

1) axons of motor cortex neurons descend as corona radiata
2) form internal capsule when travel deeper to cortex in diencephalon & telencephalon
3) travel through ventral surface cerebral peduncles & as a bundle at pons
4) continue on ventral surface of medulla as pyramids
5) cross to the contralateral side at medullary/spinal junction as pyramidal decussation (not all cross)
6) in spinal cord, pyramid decussation = lateral corticospinal tract while uncrossed fibers are ventral corticospinal tract

44
Q

In spinal cord, lateral corticospinal tract make synapse contacts in _______?

A

dorsolateral funiculus

45
Q

In spinal cord, ventral corticospinal tract makes synaptic contact in _______?

A

ventromedial funiculus

46
Q

decerebrate rigidity

A

the postures of upper limbs & lower limbs are both extended

47
Q

where is the lesion to cause decerebrate rigidity?

A

btw mesencephalon & pons

48
Q

Why does decerebrate rigidity occur?

A

lateral vestibulospinal continue to excite extensors

49
Q

decorticate regidity

A

the posture disease in which upper limbs flexes & lower limbs extends

50
Q

Where is the lesion to cause decorticate rigidity?

A

above nuclei

51
Q

Why does decorticate rigidity occur?

A

rubrospinal tract continue to excite

52
Q

What does proximal muscles involved in?

A

balance, posture & preparation of movement

53
Q

What does distal muscles involved in?

A

voluntary movements (Ex: movements of digits)

54
Q

What is the other name for pontine reticulospinal tract?

What is the other name for medullary reticulospinal tract?

A

medial reticulospinal tract

lateral reticulospinal tract

55
Q

What tract is responsible for following situation: When you hear a bang & see something flying through air from the same direction, this pathway is responsible for orienting you head & eyes toward stimuli

A

Tectospinal tract

56
Q

motor equivalence

A

the brain represent the outcome of action independently on specific effectors used or the specific way the action is achieved

57
Q

What tract innervate CNs 3,4 & 6 for eye movements?

A

medial vestibulospinal tract

58
Q

What tract is responsible for following situation: gastrocnemius is activated first when person is instructed to “pull on the bar as soon as you hear the bell” in anticipation of the arm movement

A

reticulospinal tract

59
Q

How is voluntary movements different from reflex movements?

A

VM requires input from cortex vs RM requires input from spinal cord/ brainstem

generated internally vs generated only in response to stimuli

organized around performance of task vs stereotyped

practice & learning improve the effectiveness of voluntary movements vs same every time

60
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

T/F: Motor map of primary motor cortex (M1) is different from the map of somatosensory cortex

A

precentral gyrus

False.

61
Q

What tract that excites upper flexors but inhibit all extensors ?

A

medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract

62
Q

What are the symptoms of upper motor neurons lesions?

A

muscle weakness

spasticity (clonus, hyperactive reflexes, increased tone)

Babinski’s sign

loss of fine voluntary movements

63
Q

When there is a stroke or tumor in brain, what will happen to cause UMN symptoms?

A
64
Q

What tract that excites upper flexors & lower extensors and inhibited by higher center?

A

pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract

65
Q

What is the concept explaining the following example: I can write my name with my toes, left hand, right hand or teeth.

A

motor equivalence

66
Q

What tract that excite all extensors & inhibit all flexors of the limbs indirectly through interneurons?

A

lateral vestibulospinal tract

67
Q

spasticity

What is the cause?

A

the strong resistance to passive movements of the limb

due to the hyperactive stretch reflex

68
Q

What are two pathways that involve in spasticity?

A

medial reticulospinal tract

vestibulospinal tract

69
Q

What does premotor cortex involve in?

A

movement planning

70
Q

How does lateral premotor cortex (LPC) differ from supplementary premotor cortex (MPC)?

A

LPC=observing an action movement that we are about to do vs MPC = imagining a complex movements

triggered by external sensory stimuli vs generated internally

71
Q

spasticity is the result of ______ (increase/decrease) _______ (excitation/ inhibition) inputs

from medial reticulospinal & vestibulospinal tracts

A

increase

excitation

72
Q

Where does the premotor cortex receive inputs from?

A

multisensory inputs from inferior & superior parietal lobe

inputs relating to motivation & intention from prefrontal cortex

Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology (13 decks)

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